Keywords To Remember
- Revolt of 1857 – The first large-scale uprising by Indian soldiers and civilians against British rule, also known as the First War of Independence.
- Mutiny – A rebellion, especially by soldiers or sailors against their commanding officers.
- Sepoy – An Indian soldier serving under British or other European orders.
- Bahadur Shah Zafar – The last Mughal Emperor who was declared the symbolic leader of the Revolt of 1857.
- Red Fort – Historic fort in Delhi captured by the rebels during the revolt.
- Doctrine of Lapse – A British policy denying the right of Indian rulers to adopt an heir, leading to the annexation of their states.
- Subsidiary Alliance – A diplomatic strategy used by the British to control Indian states by stationing their troops in the territory and forcing rulers to pay for them.
- Annexation – The act of adding or incorporating a territory into another country or empire.
- Zamindari System – A land revenue system where landlords (zamindars) collected taxes from peasants on behalf of the British.
- Economic Exploitation – The unfair use of resources and people for profit, leading to poverty and unemployment in colonial India.
- Artisans – Skilled workers or craftsmen who were affected by British industrial goods that replaced traditional Indian products.
- Racial Discrimination – Unequal treatment based on race; practiced by the British against Indians.
- Enfield Rifle – A new British rifle, whose greased cartridges (believed to contain cow and pig fat) triggered anger among Hindu and Muslim soldiers.
- Mangal Pandey – A sepoy who was one of the first to rebel against the British at Barrackpore in 1857.
- Tantya Tope – A key leader of the revolt, associated with Nana Saheb in Kanpur.
- Rani Lakshmi Bai – Queen of Jhansi who became a symbol of resistance during the revolt.
- Nana Saheb – Adopted son of the Peshwa Baji Rao II who led the revolt in Kanpur.
- Begum Hazrat Mahal – Took control of Awadh and led the revolt after the exile of her husband, Nawab Wajid Ali Shah.
- Kunwar Singh – An 80-year-old landlord who led the revolt in Bihar.
- Governor-General – The chief British administrator in India before the revolt, later known as Viceroy.
- Viceroy – The representative of the British Crown in India after 1858.
- Empress of India – Title assumed by Queen Victoria after taking over administration from the East India Company.
- Barrackpore – The site near Calcutta where Mangal Pandey revolted.
- Awadh (Oudh) – A princely state annexed by the British, which became one of the major centers of the revolt.
- Jagirdars – Landholders who held estates from the king and were often displaced or marginalized by British policies.
- Cartouches (Cartridges) – Paper tubes used for loading rifles, said to be greased with animal fat, causing religious outrage.
- Caste System – A social stratification system in India, fear of its loss played a role in resistance to British reforms.
- Western Education – British-introduced education system, opposed by many conservative Indians during the revolt.
- Christian Missionaries – Religious figures whose activities were seen as threats to Indian religious and cultural traditions.
- Massacre – The brutal and indiscriminate killing of many people, occurred on both sides during the revolt.
- Treason – The crime of betraying one’s country; charges on which Bahadur Shah Zafar was tried.
- Suppression – The act of forcibly putting an end to the revolt by British troops.
- Indigenous Rulers – Indian kings and princes who either supported or opposed the revolt.
- Nationalism – A sense of unity and identity as a nation; although weak during 1857, it grew later.
- Queen Victoria’s Proclamation – A declaration made in 1858 ending Company rule and starting Crown rule in India.
- Indian National Movement – The broader struggle that followed the 1857 revolt, eventually leading to independence.
- East India Company – A British trading company that eventually ruled large parts of India before 1858.
- Company Rule – The period when the East India Company administered parts of India on behalf of the British Crown.
- British Crown Rule – Governance of India directly by the British monarchy post-1858.
- Legacy – The long-term impact or influence; the 1857 revolt left a legacy of resistance.
Something to Know
Tick (✔️) the correct option.
- The Revolt of 1857 started on—
(a) May 10,1857
(b) May 11,1857
(c) May 12,1857
(d) May 13,1857
Answer – (a) May 10,1857
- Mangai Pandey belonged to which one of the following places?
(a)Jhansi
(b) Hyderabad
(c) Barrackpore
(d) Gwalior
Answer – (c) Barrackpore
- Who took over the governance of India from the East India Company after the 1857 revolt?
(a) The British Parliament
(b) The Queen
(c) The Viceroy
(d) The Governor-General
Answer – (b) The Queen
- The British army was reorganised after the Revolt of 1857 to—
(a) annex the Indian states.
(b) ruthlessly conquer Indian rulers.
(c) give more powers to East India
(d) prevent future revolts. Company.
Answer – (d) prevent future revolts. Company.
- The practice of looking down upon the Blacks is known as—
(a) religions
(b) racial law
(c) racial discrimination
(d) imperialism
Answer – (c) racial discrimination
B. Fill in the blanks.
- The First War of Independence is also known as the _________ Mutiny of 1857.
Answer – Sepoy
- The British considered themselves_________ .
Answer – superior
- Bahadur Shah Zafar was exiled to _________ .
Answer – Rangoon
- Rani Lakshmi Bai wanted her lost _________ .
Answer – kingdom
- The Doctrine of _________ created resentment among Indian rulers.
Answer – Lapse
C. Write True or False for the following statements.
- Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed the Shahenshah-e-Hindustan.
Answer – True
- At Kanpur, the Revolt was led by Begum Hazrat Mahal.
Answer – False
(Correct: The Revolt at Kanpur was led by Nana Saheb. Begum Hazrat Mahal led the revolt in Lucknow.)
- The British followed a policy of racial discrimination.
Answer – True
- The regiment in Meerut revolted on May 10,1857.
Answer – True
- A Secretary of State was appointed to look after the governance of England.
Answer – False
(Correct: A Secretary of State was appointed to look after the governance of India, not England.)
D. Answer the following questions in brief.
- The revolt of 1857 was the landmark in the history of India’s struggle for independence. Justify the statement with any three arguments.
Answer – It was the first large-scale uprising that united different sections of Indian society against British rule.
It sowed the seeds of nationalism among Indians.
It marked the end of the East India Company’s rule and brought India directly under the British Crown.
- What was the Doctrine of Lapse and how did it affect the rulers of India?
Answer – The Doctrine of Lapse was a policy introduced by Lord Dalhousie. According to it, if an Indian ruler died without a natural heir, his kingdom would be annexed by the British. This angered many Indian rulers as their adopted heirs were not recognized, leading to loss of their kingdoms.
- Explain subsidiary alliances with the help of examples.
Answer – The Subsidiary Alliance was a system introduced by Lord Wellesley. Under this policy, Indian rulers were forced to maintain British troops and could not make foreign alliances without British permission. For example, the Nawab of Awadh and the Nizam of Hyderabad were compelled to accept this alliance.
- How did the economic policies of the British adversely affect the Indian economy?
Answer – Indian handicrafts and industries declined due to unfair trade practices.
Heavy taxation and land revenue policies ruined farmers.
Indian markets were flooded with British goods, leading to loss of livelihoods for local artisans.
- Why is the Revolt of 1857 called the First War of Independence? What were its immediate causes?
Answer – It is called the First War of Independence because it was the first united attempt by Indians from various regions and classes to overthrow British rule.
Immediate causes:
Use of greased cartridges (rumored to be made from cow and pig fat), offending both Hindus and Muslims.
Discontent among Indian soldiers (sepoys) over discrimination and poor service conditions.
Political annexations and social reforms imposed without consent.
E. Answer the following questions.
- Describe the course of the Revolt of 1857.
Answer – The Revolt began on May 10, 1857 in Meerut, when Indian sepoys revolted against the British officers. The rebels marched to Delhi and declared Bahadur Shah Zafar as the Emperor of India. The Revolt spread rapidly to places like Kanpur (led by Nana Saheb), Jhansi (Rani Lakshmi Bai), Lucknow (Begum Hazrat Mahal), and Bareilly. Despite early successes, the British gradually recaptured lost territories with reinforcements, and by mid-1858, the Revolt was crushed.
- Describe five main causes of the First War of Independence.
Answer – Political Causes: Annexation of Indian states through the Doctrine of Lapse and disrespect to Indian rulers.
Economic Causes: Exploitation through heavy taxation and destruction of Indian industries.
Military Causes: Discrimination in pay, promotion, and service conditions of Indian sepoys.
Social and Religious Causes: Interference in Indian customs, reforms without consent, and fear of forced religious conversions.
Immediate Cause: Introduction of greased cartridges rumoured to be made from cow and pig fat, offending Hindu and Muslim sentiments.
- What steps did the British take to suppress the Revolt?
Answer – They brought reinforcements from Britain and used superior weapons.
Rebel leaders like Tantia Tope, Rani Lakshmi Bai, and Bahadur Shah Zafar were captured or killed.
Villages supporting the revolt were burnt, and rebels were harshly punished.
They recaptured key cities like Delhi, Lucknow, and Kanpur one by one.
- Why did the First War of Independence fail inspite of the participation of different sections of Indian Society? Explain.
Answer – Lack of proper planning, organization, and coordination among leaders.
No common or national leadership; local leaders acted independently.
Superior British weapons and military strategy.
Many Indian rulers and communities remained loyal to the British.
The rebels lacked resources, training, and modern arms.
- What changes were made in the administration of India after the Revolt was suppressed?
Answer – The East India Company was abolished, and India came directly under the British Crown.
A Secretary of State for India was appointed in England.
The Governor-General was given the title of Viceroy.
The British army was reorganized to avoid further revolts, with more British soldiers than Indians.
Policies of non-interference in Indian social and religious matters were adopted.
Value Based Question
After the 1857 revolt Bahadur Shah Zafar II, the Mughal Emperor, was tried for treason and exiled to Rangoon. His sons were cruelly shot down as they were held guilty of the murder of the English men, Women and children. It led to the end of Mughal rule in India.
According to you, was the action taken by the British against Bahadur Shah Zafar’s family morally, correct? Discuss.
Answer – The action taken by the British against Bahadur Shah Zafar’s family was not morally correct. Though the British accused them of participating in violence, killing unarmed prisoners without a fair trial was an act of cruelty and revenge, not justice. Such harsh punishment reflected the inhuman and oppressive colonial attitude.
Bahadur Shah Zafar was an aged figurehead who was forced into leadership by the rebels, and punishing him with exile showed a lack of compassion and fairness. Moreover, executing his sons brutally was against the principles of justice and humanity.
This event marked not only the end of the Mughal dynasty but also the end of ethical governance by the British, showing their disregard for Indian sentiments, human rights, and dignity. In a civilized society, even enemies should be treated with justice and respect for law.
(Map Skill)
On an outline political map of India, locate and name the places to which the following leaders of the Revolt of 1857 belong. Collect their pictures and paste them at the appropriate places.
(a) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(b) Rani Lakshmi Bai
(c) Begum Hazarat Mahal
(d) Nana Saheb
(e) Mangai Pandey
(f) Kunwar Singh
(g) Tantya Tope
Answer – Bahadur Shah Zafar
Location: Delhi
He was the Mughal Emperor and the symbolic leader of the Revolt of 1857. The revolt began in Delhi where he was proclaimed the leader.
Rani Lakshmi Bai
Location: Jhansi (in present-day Uttar Pradesh)
She was the queen of Jhansi and led a heroic resistance against the British forces. She fought valiantly to defend her kingdom.
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Location: Lucknow (in present-day Uttar Pradesh)
Begum Hazrat Mahal was the wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah of Awadh (Oudh). She led the forces in Lucknow during the revolt.
Nana Saheb
Location: Kanpur (in present-day Uttar Pradesh)
He was the adopted son of the Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II and led the revolt in Kanpur, also known as Cawnpore, against the British.
Mangai Pandey
Location: Barrackpore (near Calcutta, in present-day West Bengal)
Mangai Pandey was the sepoy who first revolted against the British in Barrackpore, leading to the outbreak of the revolt.
Kunwar Singh
Location: Jagdispur (in present-day Bihar)
Kunwar Singh, an 80-year-old leader, was one of the most prominent leaders of the revolt in Bihar and led the revolt in Jagdispur.
Tantya Tope
Location: Gwalior (in present-day Madhya Pradesh)
Tantya Tope was a leader of the revolt in Central India and a trusted commander of Nana Saheb. He fought in Gwalior and was a key figure in the rebellion.
Something To Do
- In your opinion what preparations should have been made to make the First War of Independence a complete success?
Answer – To make the First War of Independence a complete success, the following preparations could have been made:
Unified Leadership: One of the biggest challenges of the revolt was the lack of a unified leadership. If the various leaders had come together and formed a central command, they could have coordinated their efforts more effectively against the British forces.
Better Communication and Coordination: There was a lack of communication between different regions and leaders. If the revolutionaries had better means of communication, they could have coordinated their actions and provided timely support to one another.
Support from the Rural Population: While the revolt gained substantial support from the peasants and soldiers, the British had better control over the major cities and urban areas. Gaining support from the rural population, especially in resource-rich regions, could have provided essential supplies and manpower.
Strategic Alliances: The leaders could have formed alliances with other kingdoms or groups that were dissatisfied with British rule. For instance, the Marathas and other regional rulers could have been persuaded to join forces with the rebels.
Better Weaponry and Training: The British army had superior weaponry, discipline, and training. The Indian rebels needed to improve their military training, acquire modern weapons, and use them strategically to overpower the British forces.
Moral Support from Abroad: Seeking moral and material support from other countries who were against British colonialism could have played a crucial role. Support from other European nations or the indigenous population from the colonies might have helped weaken British control.
- Find out the names of films on India’s freedom struggle and freedom fighters. Celebrate the week before the Independence Day by showing them to the whole school.
Answer – Here are a few popular films based on India’s freedom struggle and freedom fighters:
Lagaan (2001) – Directed by Ashutosh Gowariker, this film is set during the British colonial period and tells the story of villagers who challenge the British to a game of cricket to avoid a hefty tax.
Gandhi (1982) – Directed by Richard Attenborough, this film is based on the life of Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of the Indian independence movement, and his non-violent struggle against British rule.
Rang De Basanti (2006) – Directed by Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra, this film interweaves the stories of freedom fighters like Bhagat Singh and the modern-day youth, inspiring them to take a stand for justice.
Bhagat Singh – Shaheed (2002) – A biographical film based on the life of revolutionary Bhagat Singh, who became one of the youngest martyrs of India’s independence movement.
The Legend of Bhagat Singh (2002) – Directed by Rajkumar Santoshi, this film also portrays the life and struggles of Bhagat Singh, focusing on his bravery and sacrifice.
Mangal Pandey: The Rising (2005) – Directed by Ketan Mehta, this film is based on the story of Mangal Pandey, one of the key figures in the Revolt of 1857.
Swaraj: The History of India’s Freedom Struggle (2002) – A documentary-style film that showcases the different phases and key events in India’s fight for independence.
Kesari (2019) – Based on the Battle of Saragarhi, this film narrates the heroic story of 21 Sikh soldiers who fought against thousands of Afghan invaders in 1897.
Chakra (1981) – A film based on the social and political struggles during the time of India’s independence, showing the plight of soldiers who had participated in the revolt.
- Make a scrapbook or a PowerPoint presentation on ‘Heroes of the Revolt of 1857’.
Answer – To create a scrapbook or PowerPoint presentation on “Heroes of the Revolt of 1857,” follow these steps:
Cover Page:
Title the scrapbook or presentation “Heroes of the Revolt of 1857.”
Include images of major leaders and warriors of the Revolt.
Introduction:
Provide an overview of the Revolt of 1857, its significance in India’s history, and why these heroes are remembered.
Individual Profiles:
Bahadur Shah Zafar: The symbolic leader of the revolt, who played a crucial role despite his limited military power.
Rani Lakshmi Bai: Queen of Jhansi, who led her army in a valiant fight against the British.
Nana Saheb: Leader of the revolt in Kanpur, known for his leadership and resistance.
Begum Hazrat Mahal: Key figure in Lucknow, who took charge after her husband was exiled.
Tantya Tope: A key commander who fought in central India alongside Nana Saheb.
Mangal Pandey: Known for his role in the first outbreak of the revolt at Barrackpore.
Kunwar Singh: A prominent leader from Bihar who fought against the British forces at an advanced age.
Other Leaders: Include profiles of other key figures, such as Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah, Khan Bahadur Khan, and more.
Images and Quotes:
Add historical images, paintings, or sketches of the leaders.
Include memorable quotes or speeches made by the leaders.
Maps and Locations:
Mark the places on a map where these leaders were active (e.g., Kanpur, Jhansi, Lucknow, etc.).
Conclusion:
End with a conclusion that reflects the contributions and sacrifices of these heroes in the context of India’s struggle for independence.
- Organise a poetry recitation competition based on the patriotic poems like खूब लड़ी मर्दानी
वह तो झाँसी वाली रानी थी। written by Subhadra Kumari Chauhan.
Answer – Students will do this task under the guidance of social science teacher.
Additional Questions and Answers – 01
Fill in the blanks:
- The Revolt of 1857 started in the city of _________.
Answer: Meerut.
- The immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857 was the introduction of the _________ rifle.
Answer: Enfield.
- The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was exiled to _________ after the revolt.
Answer: Rangoon.
- The revolt of 1857 is also called the _________ War of Independence.
Answer: First.
- The Revolt of 1857 was led by _________ in Jhansi.
Answer: Rani Lakshmi Bai.
- _________ was the Governor-General of India during the revolt of 1857.
Answer: Lord Canning.
- The First War of Independence started in the year _________.
Answer: 1857.
- _________ was the leader of the revolt in Kanpur.
Answer: Nana Saheb.
- The _________ Mutiny is considered one of the main catalysts for the Revolt of 1857.
Answer: Meerut.
- The British initially suppressed the revolt by bringing in troops from _________.
Answer: Britain.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):
- Who led the revolt in Jhansi?
(a) Begum Hazrat Mahal
(b) Mangal Pandey
(c) Rani Lakshmi Bai
(d) Kunwar Singh
Answer: (c) Rani Lakshmi Bai
- The Revolt of 1857 began in _________.
(a) Delhi
(b) Meerut
(c) Lucknow
(d) Kanpur
Answer: (b) Meerut
- Which British officer was captured and killed by the rebels at Kanpur?
(a) Lord Canning
(b) General Havelock
(c) Sir Hugh Wheeler
(d) John Nicholson
Answer: (c) Sir Hugh Wheeler
- Who was the British Commander in the Battle of Cawnpore (Kanpur)?
(a) Sir Colin Campbell
(b) Major General Havelock
(c) Lord Dalhousie
(d) Lord Wellesley
Answer: (a) Sir Colin Campbell
- Who was the Mughal Emperor during the revolt of 1857?
(a) Akbar
(b) Humayun
(c) Bahadur Shah Zafar
(d) Shah Alam
Answer: (c) Bahadur Shah Zafar
—
True/False:
- The Revolt of 1857 was also called the Sepoy Mutiny.
Answer: True.
- Mangal Pandey was the first to raise arms against the British in the Revolt of 1857.
Answer: True.
- The British troops easily suppressed the revolt and took no time to regain control.
Answer: False.
- Rani Lakshmi Bai fought the British in the Battle of Gwalior.
Answer: True.
- The British government introduced the Doctrine of Lapse after the revolt to expand its control over Indian kingdoms.
Answer: True.
Competency-Based Questions:
- Question: How would you compare the political changes in India before and after the Revolt of 1857?
Answer: Before the Revolt of 1857, India was under the direct control of the East India Company. After the revolt, the British Parliament took over the governance of India, and the country was directly ruled by the British Crown. The role of the East India Company was abolished, and India was placed under the British Raj, with a Viceroy overseeing its administration.
- Question: Discuss the socio-economic conditions that led to widespread participation in the Revolt of 1857.
Answer: The socio-economic conditions were a significant factor in the revolt. The policies of the British, such as high taxes, economic exploitation, and the disruption of local industries, led to widespread poverty and discontent. The soldiers in the British army were unhappy with their poor pay and lack of respect. The farmers were burdened with taxes, and the general public felt oppressed by the British policies.
High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions:
- Question: How do you think the failure of the Revolt of 1857 influenced the strategies used by the British in governing India?
Answer: The failure of the Revolt of 1857 led the British to adopt a more repressive and strategic approach to governance. They strengthened their military presence, especially in key areas like Delhi and Kanpur, and worked to divide Indian society along religious and caste lines. The British also introduced reforms that aimed at consolidating their control, such as educational reforms, railways, and legal systems that catered to their own interests. The British Raj was established with more direct control over the country, which lasted until 1947.
- Question: Analyze the role of Rani Lakshmi Bai in the revolt and its impact on future resistance movements.
Answer: Rani Lakshmi Bai became a symbol of resistance and bravery. Her leadership during the siege of Jhansi and her efforts in the Battle of Gwalior inspired many future movements for Indian independence. Though she did not succeed in defeating the British, her courage and defiance played a crucial role in galvanizing Indian resistance. Her legacy was later adopted by other freedom fighters and became an emblem of India’s fight for independence, which continued in the 20th century.
Short Answer Questions:
- Question: What was the role of Bahadur Shah Zafar in the Revolt of 1857?
Answer: Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed as the symbolic leader of the Revolt of 1857 by the rebels. Although he had little military power, his presence gave the revolt a sense of legitimacy and unity. After the failure of the revolt, he was captured by the British, tried for treason, and exiled to Rangoon.
- Question: Explain the significance of the Battle of Kanpur.
Answer: The Battle of Kanpur was a significant event during the Revolt of 1857. Nana Saheb led the revolt in Kanpur against the British. After a brief success, the British retook the city and massacred many of the rebels and civilians. The brutal killings by the British in Kanpur fueled further resistance across India.
Long Answer Questions:
- Question: Describe the causes of the Revolt of 1857 in detail.
Answer: The Revolt of 1857 was caused by a combination of political, social, economic, and military factors. The immediate cause was the introduction of the new Enfield rifle, which required soldiers to bite cartridges greased with animal fat, offending both Hindu and Muslim religious sensibilities. Long-term causes included the policies of annexation (Doctrine of Lapse), heavy taxation, and economic exploitation by the British, which caused widespread discontent. Social reforms, such as the ban on Sati and the introduction of laws affecting marriage and inheritance, also angered traditional sections of society. The general resentment against British rule, combined with the deteriorating conditions of Indian soldiers in the British army, led to the rebellion.
- Question: What were the outcomes of the Revolt of 1857 for India and the British?
Answer: The Revolt of 1857 led to the end of the rule of the East India Company and the beginning of direct British rule over India, known as the British Raj. The revolt failed, but it was a significant event in India’s struggle for independence, as it united various sections of Indian society against the British. For the British, the revolt was a wake-up call, and they implemented several military, political, and administrative changes to prevent future uprisings. The British strengthened their control over India, and the Indian people, though defeated, became more determined to fight for independence in the following decades.
Additional Questions and Answer – 02
Fill in the Blanks Questions and Answers
- The Revolt of 1857 began on May 10, 1857, with the mutiny of soldiers in ________ Cantonment.
Answer: Meerut
- The sepoys proclaimed ________ as the Shahenshah-e-Hindustan during the revolt.
Answer: Bahadur Shah Zafar
- The British policy of ________ created fear among Indian rulers by disallowing adoption of heirs.
Answer: Doctrine of Lapse
- The immediate cause of the revolt was the use of greased cartridges made of ________ and pig fat.
Answer: beef
- ________, a young Indian sepoy, refused to use the greased cartridge and shot his sergeant at Barrackpore.
Answer: Mangal Pandey
- The revolt was led by ________ in Jhansi, who fought valiantly against the British.
Answer: Rani Lakshmi Bai
- The British recaptured Delhi by blowing up the ________ Gate.
Answer: Kashmiri
- The rule of the East India Company ended with Queen ________’s Proclamation in 1858.
Answer: Victoria
- The Governor-General was given the title of ________ after the revolt.
Answer: Viceroy
- The revolt was limited to ________ and Central India, not spreading to other regions.
Answer: North
- ________ was the outstanding military leader of the revolt in Western Bihar.
Answer: Kunwar Singh
- The British reorganized the army to prevent future revolts by ensuring ________ freedom to Indians.
Answer: religious
- The ________ of Awadh was annexed, leading to Begum Hazrat Mahal taking over the reign.
Answer: Nawab
- The revolt reflected the unity between ________ and Muslims against foreign rule.
Answer: Hindus
- The British appointed a ________ of State to govern India after the revolt.
Answer: Secretary
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) and Answers
- When did the Revolt of 1857 begin?
- a) April 10, 1857
- b) May 10, 1857
- c) June 10, 1857
- d) July 10, 1857
Answer: b) May 10, 1857
- Who was proclaimed the Shahenshah-e-Hindustan during the revolt?
- a) Nana Saheb
- b) Bahadur Shah Zafar
- c) Tantya Tope
- d) Rani Lakshmi Bai
Answer: b) Bahadur Shah Zafar
- Which British policy caused resentment among Indian rulers?
- a) Subsidiary Alliance
- b) Doctrine of Lapse
- c) Permanent Settlement
- d) Ryotwari System
Answer: b) Doctrine of Lapse
- What was the immediate cause of the Revolt of 1857?
- a) Annexation of Awadh
- b) Greased cartridges of the Enfield rifle
- c) Economic exploitation
- d) Social reforms
Answer: b) Greased cartridges of the Enfield rifle
- Who led the revolt in Kanpur?
- a) Begum Hazrat Mahal
- b) Nana Saheb
- c) Kunwar Singh
- d) Rani Lakshmi Bai
Answer: b) Nana Saheb
- Which city was the epicenter of the Revolt of 1857?
- a) Kanpur
- b) Jhansi
- c) Delhi
- d) Lucknow
Answer: c) Delhi
- Who was executed after refusing to use the greased cartridge at Barrackpore?
- a) Tantya Tope
- b) Mangal Pandey
- c) Kunwar Singh
- d) Bahadur Shah Zafar
Answer: b) Mangal Pandey
- Which group remained loyal to the British during the revolt?
- a) Sepoys of Bengal
- b) Gurkhas
- c) Peasants of Delhi
- d) Artisans of Lucknow
Answer: b) Gurkhas
- What ended the rule of the East India Company in 1858?
- a) Treaty of Paris
- b) Queen Victoria’s Proclamation
- c) Government of India Act
- d) Pitt’s India Act
Answer: b) Queen Victoria’s Proclamation
- Who was appointed to govern India after the revolt?
- a) Governor-General
- b) Secretary of State
- c) Viceroy
- d) Lord Canning
Answer: b) Secretary of State
- Which leader fought for her lost kingdom in Jhansi?
- a) Begum Hazrat Mahal
- b) Rani Lakshmi Bai
- c) Nana Saheb
- d) Tantya Tope
Answer: b) Rani Lakshmi Bai
- Why did the revolt fail to spread beyond North and Central India?
- a) Lack of British resistance
- b) Strong rebel unity
- c) Limited participation of regions like Punjab
- d) Advanced rebel weapons
Answer: c) Limited participation of regions like Punjab
- What was the title given to Queen Victoria in 1858?
- a) Empress of India
- b) Queen of England
- c) Viceroy of India
- d) Governor-General
Answer: a) Empress of India
- Which social reform by the British caused fear among Indians?
- a) Introduction of railways
- b) Western education
- c) Zamindari system
- d) Military recruitment
Answer: b) Western education
- What gave the Revolt of 1857 its real strength?
- a) Support from European allies
- b) Participation of peasants and artisans
- c) Advanced military strategies
- d) Financial backing from Indian rulers
Answer: b) Participation of peasants and artisans
True/False Questions and Answers
- The Revolt of 1857 began with the mutiny of soldiers in Meerut on May 10, 1857.
Answer: True
- Bahadur Shah Zafar was a powerful Mughal emperor with full authority during the revolt.
Answer: False (He was an emperor without authority.)
- The Doctrine of Lapse allowed Indian rulers to adopt heirs to their thrones.
Answer: False (It disallowed adoption, leading to annexation.)
- The greased cartridges of the Enfield rifle were offensive to both Hindus and Muslims.
Answer: True
- Mangal Pandey was executed after refusing to use the greased cartridge.
Answer: True
- The Revolt of 1857 was limited to North and Central India.
Answer: True
- The Sikh leaders in Punjab joined the Revolt of 1857.
Answer: False (They remained unaffected.)
- Rani Lakshmi Bai was killed during the suppression of the revolt.
Answer: True
- The British reorganized the army to prevent future revolts after 1857.
Answer: True
- The Revolt of 1857 was a complete success for the Indian rebels.
Answer: False (It was suppressed by the British.)
Competency-Based Questions and Answers
- Question: Imagine you are a historian studying the Revolt of 1857. How would you use British military records and Indian rebel accounts to analyze the causes of the revolt?
Answer: As a historian, I would use British military records, such as East India Company reports, to examine the treatment of Indian sepoys, including low pay, discrimination, and the greased cartridge issue, which sparked the revolt. These records would reveal British policies like the Doctrine of Lapse and economic exploitation that fueled resentment. Indian rebel accounts, such as letters from leaders like Nana Saheb or oral histories, would highlight grievances over annexation (e.g., Awadh), cultural interference (e.g., Western education), and economic distress. By cross-referencing these sources, I would conclude that the revolt was a response to political, economic, social, and military injustices, uniting diverse groups against British rule.
- Question: Evaluate the role of the greased cartridge incident in triggering the Revolt of 1857 using primary sources like sepoy testimonies and British correspondence.
Answer: The greased cartridge incident was a critical trigger for the Revolt of 1857. Sepoy testimonies, found in court-martial records or vernacular accounts, would reveal Hindu and Muslim soldiers’ outrage over the use of beef and pig fat, offending their religious beliefs and fueling fears of forced conversion. British correspondence, such as reports from Barrackpore, would document Mangal Pandey’s defiance and the rapid spread of unrest, indicating the British underestimation of sepoy sentiments. By analyzing these sources, I would show how the incident crystallized existing grievances—political annexations, economic exploitation, and social reforms—igniting a widespread uprising that united sepoys and civilians against colonial rule.
- Question: Design a research plan to study the impact of the Revolt of 1857 on British colonial policies using Queen Victoria’s Proclamation and Indian princely records.
Answer: Research Plan:
– Objective: To analyze the impact of the Revolt of 1857 on British colonial policies.
– Sources: Collect Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858) from British archives and princely records (e.g., from Gwalior or Hyderabad) from Indian archives.
– Methodology: Examine the Proclamation for policy changes, such as the end of Company rule, assurances to princes, and religious freedom guarantees. Analyze princely records to assess their response to the British shift from annexation to non-interference. Cross-reference with military reorganization reports to evaluate army reforms.
– Expected Outcome: The study will show how the revolt forced the British to adopt conciliatory policies, reorganize governance under the Crown, and secure princely loyalty to prevent future uprisings, marking a shift in colonial strategy.
- Question: How would you use the participation of peasants and artisans in the Revolt of 1857 to explain its significance as the First War of Independence?
Answer: The participation of peasants and artisans in the Revolt of 1857 underscores its significance as the First War of Independence. By analyzing rebel proclamations and British suppression records, I would highlight how peasants, burdened by the zamindari system and forced commercial crops, and artisans, unemployed due to British industrial policies, joined sepoys in cities like Delhi and Kanpur. Their involvement transformed the revolt from a military mutiny into a mass uprising, reflecting widespread discontent against economic exploitation and foreign rule. This broad participation, alongside Hindu-Muslim unity, marks the revolt as a national struggle, inspiring later freedom movements and earning its title as the First War of Independence.
- Question: Assess the role of leadership in the Revolt of 1857 using examples of leaders like Rani Lakshmi Bai and Bahadur Shah Zafar.
Answer: Leadership in the Revolt of 1857 was diverse but fragmented, as seen in Rani Lakshmi Bai and Bahadur Shah Zafar. Rani Lakshmi Bai’s records, such as Jhansi court documents, show her valiant resistance to protect her kingdom, inspiring central India’s rebels with her military prowess. Bahadur Shah Zafar’s proclamations, found in Delhi archives, reveal his symbolic role as a unifying figure, despite lacking authority, rallying sepoys and civilians. However, their localized goals—Rani’s kingdom restoration and Zafar’s Mughal revival—highlight the lack of a unified national vision. By comparing their contributions, I would conclude that while their leadership galvanized the revolt, its failure stemmed from uncoordinated efforts, underscoring the need for stronger, centralized leadership in future struggles.
High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) Questions and Answers
- Question: Why did the Revolt of 1857 fail despite widespread participation, and how did this reflect the challenges of early Indian nationalism?
Answer: The Revolt of 1857 failed due to lack of unity, limited geographical spread, and British military superiority. Rebels like Nana Saheb, Rani Lakshmi Bai, and Bahadur Shah Zafar pursued regional goals—Maratha revival, kingdom restoration, and Mughal restoration—reflecting the absence of a unified nationalist ideology. The revolt was confined to North and Central India, with Punjab’s Sikhs and Hyderabad’s Nizam remaining loyal to the British. The rebels’ outdated weapons and lack of coordination were no match for the British’s modern army and communication systems. These challenges highlight the early stage of Indian nationalism, where regional identities and fragmented leadership hindered a cohesive national movement, lessons that later shaped the Indian National Congress’s strategies.
- Question: Analyze the role of the Doctrine of Lapse in fueling the Revolt of 1857 and its broader impact on Indian rulers.
Answer: The Doctrine of Lapse, introduced by Lord Dalhousie, was a major catalyst for the Revolt of 1857 by threatening Indian rulers’ sovereignty. By disallowing adoption of heirs, it led to the annexation of states like Jhansi and Satara, enraging rulers like Rani Lakshmi Bai and Nana Saheb, who joined the revolt to reclaim their territories. The policy created widespread fear among princes, undermining trust in British treaties, as seen in Awadh’s annexation despite its loyalty. Its broader impact was to unite disparate rulers against a common enemy, fostering a sense of shared grievance. However, the lack of a unified strategy limited their success, highlighting the need for coordinated resistance in future anti-colonial movements.
- Question: Evaluate the significance of Hindu-Muslim unity in the Revolt of 1857 and its influence on later freedom struggles.
Answer: Hindu-Muslim unity was a defining feature of the Revolt of 1857, as sepoys, peasants, and leaders like Bahadur Shah Zafar and Begum Hazrat Mahal fought together against British rule. This unity, evident in Delhi and Awadh, countered British attempts to divide communities, as both groups opposed the greased cartridges and cultural interference. Its significance lies in demonstrating the potential for collective resistance, inspiring later movements like the Indian National Congress and the Khilafat Movement, which emphasized communal harmony. However, the revolt’s failure due to regional divisions highlighted the need for sustained unity, influencing nationalist leaders like Gandhi to prioritize inclusivity in the freedom struggle.
- Question: How did the British suppression of the Revolt of 1857 shape their colonial policies in India?
Answer: The brutal suppression of the Revolt of 1857, involving massacres and Bahadur Shah Zafar’s exile, prompted significant changes in British colonial policies. Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858) ended East India Company rule, establishing direct Crown governance through a Secretary of State and Viceroy. The British abandoned aggressive annexations, assuring princes of non-interference and adoption rights to secure loyalty. Army reorganization increased British troops and guaranteed religious freedom to prevent sepoy unrest. These changes reflect a shift toward conciliatory governance to stabilize control, but the revolt’s legacy as a symbol of resistance fueled nationalist sentiments, shaping the trajectory of India’s freedom struggle.
- Question: Assess the long-term impact of the Revolt of 1857 as the First War of Independence on India’s national consciousness.
Answer: The Revolt of 1857, dubbed the First War of Independence, had a profound long-term impact on India’s national consciousness. Its mass participation—sepoys, peasants, artisans, and rulers—demonstrated the potential for unified resistance against foreign rule, fostering a sense of national identity. Heroes like Rani Lakshmi Bai and Mangal Pandey became iconic figures, inspiring later generations through folklore and nationalist narratives. The revolt’s failure highlighted the need for organized, inclusive movements, influencing the formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885. Its legacy of Hindu-Muslim unity and defiance against exploitation shaped the Swadeshi and Non-Cooperation movements, embedding the idea of collective struggle in India’s path to independence in 1947.
Short Questions and Answers
- Question: When did the Revolt of 1857 begin?
Answer: May 10, 1857.
- Question: Who was proclaimed Shahenshah-e-Hindustan?
Answer: Bahadur Shah Zafar.
- Question: What was the British policy that disallowed adoption of heirs?
Answer: Doctrine of Lapse.
- Question: What was the immediate cause of the revolt?
Answer: Greased cartridges of the Enfield rifle.
- Question: Who led the revolt in Jhansi?
Answer: Rani Lakshmi Bai.
- Question: Which city was the epicenter of the revolt?
Answer: Delhi.
- Question: Who refused to use the greased cartridge at Barrackpore?
Answer: Mangal Pandey.
- Question: Which group remained loyal to the British?
Answer: Gurkhas.
- Question: What ended the East India Company’s rule in 1858?
Answer: Queen Victoria’s Proclamation.
- Question: What title was given to the Governor-General after the revolt?
Answer: Viceroy.
- Question: Who led the revolt in Awadh?
Answer: Begum Hazrat Mahal.
- Question: Why did the revolt fail to spread widely?
Answer: Lack of participation from regions like Punjab.
- Question: What was Queen Victoria’s title in 1858?
Answer: Empress of India.
- Question: What gave the revolt its real strength?
Answer: Participation of peasants and artisans.
- Question: Who was the outstanding leader in Western Bihar?
Answer: Kunwar Singh.
Long Questions and Answers
- Question: Discuss the causes of the Revolt of 1857, highlighting its political, economic, social, and military dimensions.
Answer: The Revolt of 1857 was triggered by a combination of political, economic, social, and military causes. Politically, the Doctrine of Lapse and annexations like Awadh angered rulers like Rani Lakshmi Bai and Nana Saheb, while breached treaties eroded trust. Economically, the zamindari system and British industrial policies impoverished peasants and artisans, with Awadh’s annexation causing mass unemployment. Socially, British reforms like Western education and Christian conversions, coupled with caste fears from railways and greased cartridges, alienated conservatives. Militarily, sepoys faced discrimination, low pay, and religious objections to overseas service and greased cartridges, as seen in Mangal Pandey’s defiance. These grievances united sepoys, rulers, peasants, and artisans, making the revolt a widespread uprising against British exploitation, though its failure highlighted the need for unified leadership.
- Question: Explain the course of the Revolt of 1857, focusing on its main centers and key leaders.
Answer: The Revolt of 1857 began on May 10, 1857, in Meerut, when sepoys refused greased cartridges, freed imprisoned comrades, and marched to Delhi on May 11. In Delhi, they proclaimed Bahadur Shah Zafar as Shahenshah-e-Hindustan, capturing the city. The revolt spread to Kanpur, led by Nana Saheb and Tantya Tope, who fought to restore Maratha power. In Awadh, Begum Hazrat Mahal led the uprising after the Nawab’s exile, rallying locals. Rani Lakshmi Bai in Jhansi fought valiantly to reclaim her kingdom, becoming a symbol of resistance. Other centers included Bareily, Agra, and Benaras, with Kunwar Singh leading in Western Bihar. Peasants and artisans bolstered the revolt, but it remained confined to North and Central India, as Punjab, Hyderabad, and Bombay did not join. The British suppressed the revolt by recapturing Delhi, executing leaders, and exiling Zafar, ending the uprising by 1858.
- Question: Analyze the reasons for the failure of the Revolt of 1857 and its implications for future Indian resistance.
Answer: The Revolt of 1857 failed due to several factors. Firstly, the lack of unity among rebels, with leaders like Nana Saheb and Rani Lakshmi Bai pursuing regional goals, prevented a cohesive strategy. Secondly, the revolt was geographically limited to North and Central India, with Punjab’s Sikhs, Hyderabad’s Nizam, and Gurkhas supporting the British. Thirdly, the rebels’ outdated weapons and disorganized leadership could not match the British’s modern army and communication systems. Fourthly, the premature outbreak disrupted planned coordination, allowing the British to suppress it systematically. The implications were significant: the revolt exposed British vulnerabilities, inspiring future resistance. It led to the end of Company rule, Crown governance, and policy shifts like princely assurances, while its heroes became symbols for later movements like the Indian National Congress, shaping India’s nationalist consciousness.
- Question: Evaluate the results of the Revolt of 1857 and their impact on British colonial administration in India.
Answer: The Revolt of 1857 had profound results, reshaping British colonial administration. Queen Victoria’s Proclamation (1858) ended East India Company rule, establishing direct Crown governance through a Secretary of State and Viceroy, enhancing centralized control. The British reorganized the army, increasing British troops and ensuring religious freedom to prevent sepoy unrest. The policy of annexation was abandoned, with princes granted adoption rights and non-interference assurances to secure loyalty. Religious freedom and equal opportunities for Indians were promised, though often superficially implemented. These changes stabilized British rule but acknowledged the revolt’s impact, as its mass participation and Hindu-Muslim unity inspired nationalist movements. The revolt’s legacy as the First War of Independence fueled later struggles, making it a turning point in India’s anti-colonial history.
- Question: Discuss the significance of the Revolt of 1857 as the First War of Independence and its role in shaping India’s freedom struggle.
Answer: The Revolt of 1857, termed the First War of Independence, was significant for its unprecedented unity across sepoys, peasants, artisans, and rulers against British rule, marking the first major challenge to colonial domination. Its significance lies in its mass participation and Hindu-Muslim unity, as seen in Delhi and Awadh, demonstrating the potential for collective resistance. Leaders like Rani Lakshmi Bai, Bahadur Shah Zafar, and Mangal Pandey became enduring symbols, inspiring nationalist narratives. Despite its failure due to disunity and British military superiority, the revolt exposed colonial vulnerabilities, prompting British policy shifts like Crown rule and princely assurances. Its legacy influenced the formation of the Indian National Congress (1885) and movements like Swadeshi, fostering a national consciousness that culminated in India’s independence in 1947, making it a foundational event in the freedom struggle.