Keywords To Remember
Empires and Kingdoms
- Vijaynagar Empire – A powerful South Indian Hindu kingdom founded in 1336 CE by Harihar and Bukka; known for military strength, trade, and cultural achievements.
- Bahmani Kingdom – A Muslim kingdom founded by Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah in 1347 CE in the Deccan; known for cultural integration and administrative reforms.
- Ahom Kingdom – A powerful kingdom in Assam, established by the Ahoms (of Mongolian origin) in the Brahmaputra Valley; ruled for over 600 years.
- Mewar – A Rajput kingdom in Rajasthan known for its resistance against Muslim rulers and the valour of kings like Maharana Pratap.
- Marwar – A Rajput kingdom founded by the Rathors in Rajasthan; capital was Jodhpur, established by Rao Jodha.
- Sharqis – A regional power in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent, with Jaunpur as its capital.
- Gajapatis – A powerful kingdom in Odisha and parts of Andhra Pradesh; known for its military strength and temple architecture.
Rulers and Officials
- Harihar and Bukka – Founders of the Vijaynagar Empire, with guidance from their Guru Vidyaranya.
- Krishnadevaraya – Most famous ruler of Vijaynagar Empire from the Tuluva dynasty; known for administrative efficiency, patronage of arts, and military campaigns.
- Tenali Ram – Chief Minister and witty poet in Krishnadevaraya’s court, known for his clever stories.
- Firoz Shah Bahmani – A learned ruler of the Bahmani Kingdom; promoted cultural growth and literature.
- Mahmud Gawan – Powerful Prime Minister of Bahmani Kingdom; known for reforms and establishment of a grand madrasa in Bidar.
- Rana Kumbha – A great ruler of Mewar known for building forts and promoting arts and literature.
- Rana Sanga – Rajput ruler of Mewar; fought against Babur in the Battle of Khanwa in 1527.
- Maharana Pratap – Rajput king of Mewar who resisted Mughal rule using guerrilla warfare.
- Rao Jodha – Founder of Marwar and Jodhpur; built the Mehrangarh Fort.
- Rao Bika – Son of Rao Jodha; founded the city of Bikaner.
- Hasan Gangu (Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah) – Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom.
Places and Regions
- Hampi – The capital of Vijaynagar Empire, also known as Vidyanagar; famous for temples and architecture.
- Raichur Doab – A fertile area between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers; often contested between Vijaynagar and Bahmani kingdoms.
- Bidar – Capital of Bahmani Kingdom after Gulbarga; site of Mahmud Gawan’s madrasa.
- Daulatabad – A strategic city in Maharashtra; had an observatory built by Firoz Shah Bahmani.
- Chittor (Chittorgarh) – Capital of Mewar; known for heroic resistance against invaders.
- Kumbhalgarh – Fort built by Rana Kumbha; one of the strongest fortifications in India.
- Jodhpur – Capital of Marwar; founded by Rao Jodha.
- Bikaner – A city founded by Rao Bika, son of Rao Jodha.
- Srinagar – Capital of Kashmir.
Architecture and Culture
- Virupaksha Temple – Famous temple of the Vijaynagar Empire dedicated to Lord Shiva.
- Kalyan Mandap – Large pillared hall in temples, used for religious and cultural activities.
- Gopuram – Towering gateways of South Indian temples, often highly decorated.
- Kirti Stambh – Victory tower built by Rana Kumbha at Chittor to commemorate his military success.
- Mehrangarh Fort – Majestic fort built by Rao Jodha in Jodhpur.
- Mahmud Gawan Madarsa – Grand Islamic college built in Bidar, known for architecture and learning.
Administrative Terms
- Taraf – Province in Bahmani Kingdom governed by a Tarafdar.
- Jagir – Land granted in lieu of salary to nobles or officers.
- Council of Ministers – A group of advisors helping the king in administration; final decisions were made by the king.
- Nadu – A group of villages in the administrative structure of Vijaynagar.
- Kottam – A larger administrative division, like a district.
- Rajya – A province in Vijaynagar administrative system.
Society and Culture
- Ashta Diggaj – Group of eight renowned scholars in the court of Krishnadevaraya.
- Devdasis – Women dedicated to temples to perform religious dances and rituals.
- Varna System – The traditional Hindu social hierarchy dividing people into four varnas.
- Sati System – A now-abolished practice where a widow self-immolated on her husband’s funeral pyre.
- Polygamy – Practice of having more than one wife, prevalent among the nobility.
- Matha – A Hindu monastery, often a center of learning.
Language and Literature
- Sayana – A famous Sanskrit scholar who wrote commentaries on the Vedas.
- Calligraphy – Art of beautiful handwriting, practiced by Firoz Shah Bahmani.
- Sanskrit, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada – Major languages promoted during the Vijaynagar Empire.
- Arabic, Persian, Marathi – Languages used and promoted during Bahmani rule.
Something To Know
A. Tick (✔) the correct option.
- Who among the following visitors has written in praise of Vijaynagar Empire?
(a) Bernier
(b) Paes
(c) Ibn Batutah
(d) Marco Polo
Answer – (b) Paes
- Who constructed Kirti Stambh at Chittor?
(a) Rana Sangram Singh
(b) Maharana Pratap
(c) Rana Hamir
(d) Rana Kumbha
Answer – (d) Rana Kumbha
- The city of Vijayanagar was located on the banks of River-
(a).Godavari
(b) Kaveri
(c) Tungabhadra
(d) Krishna
Answer – (c) Tungabhadra
- Identify the Bahmani king who was a good calligraphist and an accomplished linguist.
(a) Bahman Shah
(b) Firoz Shah
(c) Ahmad Shah
(d) Muhammad Shah
Answer – (b) Firoz Shah
- Sayana was a-
(a) Bahmani ruler
(b) Foreign visitor
(c) Ruler of Vijayanagar
(d) Great Sanskrit scholar
Answer – (d) Great Sanskrit scholar
B. Fill in the blanks.
- Bukka succeeded __________ .
Answer – Harihar
- Vijaynagar rulers were involved in a battle with __________ kingdom.
Answer – Bahmani
- Firoz Shah Bahamani ruled from __________ to __________ .
Answer – 1397 to 1422.
- Rana Sanga was one of the most famous rulers of __________ .
Answer – Mewar
- Zainul Abidin adopted a policy of __________ towards Hindus.
Answer – religious tolerance
C. Write True or False for the following statements.
- The Bahmani and Vijayanagar kingdoms maintained friendly relations with each other.
Answer – False
(They were often in conflict, especially over the Raichur Doab region.)
- The name ‘Assam’ is derived from Ahom.
Answer – True
- The Bahmani kingdom was founded by Mahmud Gawan.
Answer – False
(It was founded by Alauddin Hasan Bahman Shah. Mahmud Gawan was a prime minister.)
- Rao Bika founded the city of Bikaner.
Answer – True
- Zainul Abidin reimposed jazia on Hindus.
Answer – False
(He abolished jazia and followed a tolerant policy.)
D. Answer the following questions in brief.
- Name the main centres of education during Vijaynagar empire.
Answer – Hampi, Sringeri, and Kanchipuram were important centres of education.
- Mention the classes into which the society was divided in Vijaynagar empire.
Answer – The society was divided into four varnas – Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras.
- What was Firoz Shah famous for?
Answer – Firoz Shah Bahmani was known for his interest in art, literature, calligraphy, music, and languages.
- Who built the Kirti Stambha at Chittor?
Answer – Rana Kumbha built the Kirti Stambha at Chittor.
- Why did Rana Kumbha become popular?
Answer – Rana Kumbha became popular due to his military victories, architectural contributions, and promotion of arts and literature.
E. Answer the following questions
- Describe the development of art and architecture under the Vijaynagar rulers.
Answer – Vijaynagar rulers built grand temples like the Vittala and Hazara Rama temples with intricately carved pillars and gopurams. They promoted Dravidian style architecture. Sculpture and painting also flourished.
- List the achievements of Mahmud Gawan as Prime Minister of Bahamani kingdom.
Answer – Established a centralised administrative system.
Reorganised the provinces (tarafs).
Built a madarsa at Bidar.
Encouraged trade and patronised scholars.
Strengthened the army and introduced discipline.
- What were the main achievements of Rana Kumbha of Mewar?
Answer – Defeated Malwa and Gujarat rulers.
Built 32 forts including the Kumbhalgarh Fort.
Encouraged literature and music.
Composed plays and books.
- Describe the various achievements of Zainul Abidin, the ruler of Kashmir.
Answer – Promoted religious tolerance.
Abolished jazia tax on Hindus.
Encouraged literature, art, and crafts.
Revived local industries and introduced paper and bookbinding.
- List the administrative reforms that brought glory to the Vijaynagar empire.
Answer – Efficient central and provincial administration.
Collection of revenue and taxes from agriculture and trade.
Strong military organisation.
Encouragement of local self-government in villages.
Value Based Question
Krishnadevaraya established friendly relations with the Portuguese, who set-up the Portuguese Dominion of India in Goa in 1510. He encouraged foreign trade with European traders (mainly the Portuguese) and collected revenue in the form of custom duties and taxes from them. The Emperor obtained guns and Arabian horses from the Portuguese merchants. He also utilised Portuguese expertise in improving water supply to Vijayanagar city.
-How did good relations with the Portuguese bring great prosperity to Vijayanagar?
Answer – They facilitated foreign trade.
Enabled the import of superior goods like Arabian horses and guns.
Brought revenue through customs and taxes.
Helped improve public infrastructure like water supply systems.
-What are the advantages of having friendly relations with neighbours?
Answer – Promotes peace and stability.
Encourages trade and economic growth.
Cultural and technological exchanges become possible.
Reduces the chances of conflict and promotes mutual cooperation.
Map Skill
On an outline map of India, locate and label the following-
(a) Bahmani kingdom
(b) Vijaynagar empire
(c) Raichur Doab
(d) Calicut
(e) Jodhpur
(f) Bikaner
Answer – (a) Bahmani Kingdom – Located in the Deccan region (Gulbarga, Bidar)
(b) Vijayanagar Empire – Around modern Hampi, Karnataka
(c) Raichur Doab – Between Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers
(d) Calicut – On the western coast of Kerala
(e) Jodhpur – Located in Rajasthan
(f) Bikaner – Located in northwestern Rajasthan
Something To Do
- Prepare an administrative flow chart of the Vijaynagar rulers, the duties of the king and his officials.
Answer – Administrative Flow Chart:
King
│
├── Chief Minister (Mahapradhani)
│
├── Treasury Officer
│
├── Commander-in-Chief
│
├── Provincial Governors (Nayaks)
│
└── Village Heads (Gramapatis)
- Prepare a photo album consisting of temples, forts, palaces and other historical buildings built by different regional heads. Note down important information about them.
Answer – You can include:
Vittala Temple, Hampi – Vijayanagar
Kirti Stambha, Chittor – Rana Kumbha
Bidar Fort – Bahmani Kingdom
Kumbhalgarh Fort – Rana Kumbha
Shankaracharya Temple, Kashmir – Zainul Abidin’s reign
Additional Questions and Answers – 01
Fill in the blanks (with answers):
- The founder of the Bahmani Kingdom was __________.
Answer: Alauddin Bahman Shah - The capital of the Bahmani Kingdom was first at __________ and later shifted to __________.
Answer: Gulbarga, Bidar - __________ was the most famous ruler of the Vijayanagar Empire.
Answer: Krishnadevaraya - The battle of Talikota was fought between Vijayanagar and __________ Sultanates.
Answer: Deccan - The famous monument built by Rana Kumbha is __________.
Answer: Vijay Stambh - The sacred book written by Sayana is a commentary on the __________.
Answer: Vedas - The Raichur Doab was a contested area between __________ and __________.
Answer: Bahmani Kingdom, Vijayanagar Empire - The Kirti Stambh was built to commemorate the victory over __________.
Answer: Malwa - Mahmud Gawan established a famous madarsa at __________.
Answer: Bidar - Zainul Abidin was also known as __________.
Answer: Bud Shah
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) (with answers):
- Who was the founder of the city of Vijayanagar?
(a) Harihara and Bukka
(b) Krishnadevaraya
(c) Firoz Shah
(d) Mahmud Gawan
Answer: (a) Harihara and Bukka - Which temple in Hampi is known for its musical pillars?
(a) Hazara Rama
(b) Virupaksha
(c) Vittala Temple
(d) Kailashnath Temple
Answer: (c) Vittala Temple - Which Bahmani ruler had deep interest in calligraphy and Persian poetry?
(a) Bahman Shah
(b) Firoz Shah
(c) Ahmad Shah
(d) Muhammad Shah
Answer: (b) Firoz Shah - Who was the Prime Minister of the Bahmani Kingdom?
(a) Krishnadevaraya
(b) Mahmud Gawan
(c) Alauddin
(d) Malik Kafur
Answer: (b) Mahmud Gawan - Which ruler promoted the weaving industry and paper making in Kashmir?
(a) Zainul Abidin
(b) Rana Sanga
(c) Mahmud Gawan
(d) Rana Kumbha
Answer: (a) Zainul Abidin
True or False (with answers):
- The Bahmani Kingdom was established in 1347.
Answer: True - Krishnadevaraya defeated the Gajapati rulers of Odisha.
Answer: True - The Hazara Rama temple is located in Bidar.
Answer: False - Zainul Abidin imposed harsh taxes on Hindus.
Answer: False - Rana Sanga fought against Babur in the Battle of Khanwa.
Answer: True - The Vijayanagar Empire encouraged Sanskrit and Telugu literature.
Answer: True - Mahmud Gawan was a king of the Vijayanagar Empire.
Answer: False
Competency-Based Questions (with answers):
- Q: Krishnadevaraya encouraged foreign trade with Portuguese. What does this tell us about his vision for the empire?
A: It shows that he was a forward-looking ruler who understood the economic benefits of trade and technological exchange with foreign powers. - Q: Zainul Abidin followed a policy of religious tolerance. What impact would this have had on his kingdom?
A: It likely promoted peace, social harmony, and better relations among communities, resulting in cultural and economic growth. - Q: Mahmud Gawan reformed the administration of the Bahmani kingdom. How did it contribute to the kingdom’s success?
A: His reforms strengthened central control, improved efficiency, and ensured fair distribution of power and resources.
High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions (with answers):
- Q: Compare the administrative systems of the Bahmani and Vijayanagar kingdoms.
A: The Bahmani administration was centralised and structured into tarafs, while the Vijayanagar empire followed a decentralised system with nayaks managing local areas. Both systems aimed at efficient governance but differed in approach. - Q: Why do you think the Vijayanagar Empire continued to flourish despite repeated conflicts with the Bahmani kingdom?
A: Due to its strong administration, flourishing trade, rich cultural heritage, and capable rulers like Krishnadevaraya who promoted stability and development. - Q: How did Mahmud Gawan’s death impact the Bahmani kingdom?
A: His death created a power vacuum, led to political instability and decline of central authority, ultimately contributing to the kingdom’s fragmentation.
Short Questions (with answers):
- Q: Who founded the Bahmani Kingdom?
A: Alauddin Bahman Shah - Q: What is the significance of the Raichur Doab?
A: It was a fertile and strategic region contested between the Bahmani and Vijayanagar kingdoms. - Q: Name any two architectural features of Vijayanagar temples.
A: Gopurams (tall gateways) and intricately carved pillars. - Q: Why was Zainul Abidin called ‘Bud Shah’?
A: Due to his just and kind rule, he earned the title ‘Bud Shah’ or ‘the Great King’.
Long Questions (60–70 words with answers):
- Q: Describe the contribution of Mahmud Gawan to the Bahmani Kingdom.
A: Mahmud Gawan served as the Prime Minister and introduced administrative reforms, strengthened the army, and promoted education by building a madarsa in Bidar. He encouraged trade and brought discipline into governance. His contributions helped in the expansion and prosperity of the Bahmani kingdom. - Q: Highlight the cultural achievements of the Vijayanagar Empire.
A: The Vijayanagar Empire was a hub of art, architecture, and literature. Temples like Vittala and Virupaksha reflected Dravidian style. Literature flourished in Kannada, Telugu, and Sanskrit. Rulers like Krishnadevaraya were patrons of poetry and music. Foreign visitors admired the city’s grandeur. - Q: Write about the achievements of Rana Kumbha.
A: Rana Kumbha was a warrior and builder. He won many battles, built forts like Kumbhalgarh and Vijay Stambha, and promoted art and music. He was also a learned scholar who composed plays in Sanskrit. His reign marked a golden period in Mewar’s history.
Additional Questions and Answers – 02
Fill in the Blanks Questions and Answers
- Question: The weakening of the Delhi Sultanate began during the time of ______.
Answer: The weakening of the Delhi Sultanate began during the time of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq. - Question: Vijaynagar Kingdom was founded by ______ and Bukka in 1336 CE.
Answer: Vijaynagar Kingdom was founded by Harihar and Bukka in 1336 CE. - Question: Vijaynagar was established on the banks of the River ______.
Answer: Vijaynagar was established on the banks of the River Tungabhadra. - Question: ______ was the last famous ruler of the Vijaynagar Empire from the Tuluv dynasty.
Answer: Krishnadevaraya was the last famous ruler of the Vijaynagar Empire from the Tuluv dynasty. - Question: The main conflict between Vijaynagar and Bahmani was over the ______ Doab.
Answer: The main conflict between Vijaynagar and Bahmani was over the Raichur - Question: The Bahmani Kingdom was established by ______ in 1347 CE.
Answer: The Bahmani Kingdom was established by Hasan Gangu in 1347 CE. - Question: Firoz Shah Bahamani ruled from 1397 CE to ______ CE.
Answer: Firoz Shah Bahamani ruled from 1397 CE to 1422 - Question: Mahmud Gawan built a great ______ in Bidar for education.
Answer: Mahmud Gawan built a great Madarsa in Bidar for education. - Question: The Ahoms originally belonged to the Mongolian tribes of ______.
Answer: The Ahoms originally belonged to the Mongolian tribes of Burma. - Question: The name ‘Assam’ is derived from ______.
Answer: The name ‘Assam’ is derived from Ahom. - Question: In Mewar, ______ constructed the Kirti Stambh to celebrate his victory over Malwa.
Answer: In Mewar, Rana Kumbha constructed the Kirti Stambh to celebrate his victory over Malwa. - Question: Maharana Pratap confronted the Mughals at the Battle of ______ in 1576 CE.
Answer: Maharana Pratap confronted the Mughals at the Battle of Haldighati in 1576 CE. - Question: Rao ______ founded the city of Jodhpur, the capital of Marwar.
Answer: Rao Jodha founded the city of Jodhpur, the capital of Marwar. - Question: Rao Bika, son of Rao Jodha, founded the city of ______.
Answer: Rao Bika, son of Rao Jodha, founded the city of Bikaner. - Question: In the 14th century, ______ Mirza established Muslim rule in Kashmir.
Answer: In the 14th century, Shah Mirza established Muslim rule in Kashmir. - Question: Zainul Abidin ruled Kashmir from 1420 CE to ______ CE.
Answer: Zainul Abidin ruled Kashmir from 1420 CE to 1470 - Question: Zainul Abidin banned ______ slaughter in Kashmir.
Answer: Zainul Abidin banned cow slaughter in Kashmir. - Question: Zainul Abidin got the ______ translated into Persian and Arabic.
Answer: Zainul Abidin got the Mahabharata translated into Persian and Arabic. - Question: Zaina Lanka is an island in the ______ Lake in Kashmir.
Answer: Zaina Lanka is an island in the Woolar Lake in Kashmir. - Question: The Vijaynagar Empire was divided into ______ for efficient administration.
Answer: The Vijaynagar Empire was divided into provinces for efficient administration.
Multiple Choice Questions and Answers
- Question: When did the weakening of the Delhi Sultanate begin?
a) During the time of Ala-ud-din Khalji
b) During the time of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
c) During the time of Feroz Tughlaq
d) During the time of Ibrahim Lodi
Answer: b) During the time of Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq - Question: Who founded the Vijaynagar Kingdom in 1336 CE?
a) Krishnadevaraya
b) Firoz Shah Bahamani
c) Harihar and Bukka
d) Rana Kumbha
Answer: c) Harihar and Bukka - Question: Where was Vijaynagar established?
a) On the banks of the River Godavari
b) On the banks of the River Tungabhadra
c) On the banks of the River Krishna
d) On the banks of the River Cauvery
Answer: b) On the banks of the River Tungabhadra - Question: Who was the last famous ruler of the Vijaynagar Empire?
a) Harihar
b) Bukka
c) Devaraya-II
d) Krishnadevaraya
Answer: d) Krishnadevaraya - Question: What was the main reason for conflict between Vijaynagar and Bahmani?
a) Control over the Deccan Plateau
b) Domination of the Raichur Doab
c) Religious differences
d) Trade routes
Answer: b) Domination of the Raichur Doab - Question: Who established the Bahmani Kingdom in 1347 CE?
a) Firoz Shah Bahamani
b) Hasan Gangu
c) Mahmud Gawan
d) Ahmad Shah
Answer: b) Hasan Gangu - Question: How long did Firoz Shah Bahamani rule?
a) 1397-1410 CE
b) 1397-1422 CE
c) 1422-1440 CE
d) 1347-1377 CE
Answer: b) 1397-1422 CE - Question: What did Mahmud Gawan build in Bidar?
a) A fort
b) A palace
c) A Madarsa
d) A temple
Answer: c) A Madarsa - Question: Where did the Ahoms originally come from?
a) Mongolia
b) Persia
c) Burma
d) Tibet
Answer: c) Burma - Question: What is the origin of the name ‘Assam’?
a) Kamarupa
b) Ahom
c) Bengal
d) Brahmaputra
Answer: b) Ahom - Question: Who constructed the Kirti Stambh in Mewar?
a) Rana Sanga
b) Maharana Pratap
c) Rana Kumbha
d) Rana Hamir
Answer: c) Rana Kumbha - Question: Where did Maharana Pratap confront the Mughals in 1576 CE?
a) Battle of Khanwa
b) Battle of Haldighati
c) Battle of Chittor
d) Battle of Panipat
Answer: b) Battle of Haldighati - Question: Who founded the city of Jodhpur in Marwar?
a) Rao Bika
b) Rao Jodha
c) Rana Kumbha
d) Maharana Pratap
Answer: b) Rao Jodha - Question: Who founded the city of Bikaner?
a) Rao Jodha
b) Rao Bika
c) Rana Sanga
d) Zainul Abidin
Answer: b) Rao Bika - Question: Who established Muslim rule in Kashmir in the 14th century?
a) Sikandar Shah
b) Zainul Abidin
c) Shah Mirza
d) Ahmad Shah
Answer: c) Shah Mirza - Question: What did Zainul Abidin ban in Kashmir?
a) Jazia
b) Cow slaughter
c) Trade with Ladakh
d) Persian translations
Answer: b) Cow slaughter - Question: What text did Zainul Abidin get translated into Persian and Arabic?
a) Ramayana
b) Mahabharata
c) Vedas
d) Rajtarangini
Answer: b) Mahabharata - Question: Where is Zaina Lanka located?
a) Dal Lake
b) Woolar Lake
c) Nainital Lake
d) Chilika Lake
Answer: b) Woolar Lake - Question: How was the Vijaynagar Empire administratively divided?
a) Into tarafs
b) Into Iqtas
c) Into provinces
d) Into jagirs
Answer: c) Into provinces - Question: What was a famous temple in Vijaynagar?
a) Kirti Stambh
b) Virupaksha Temple
c) Kumbhalgarh Fort
d) Mehrangarh Fort
Answer: b) Virupaksha Temple
True/False Questions and Answers
- Question: The weakening of the Delhi Sultanate began during Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq’s time.
Answer: True - Question: Vijaynagar was founded by Rana Kumbha in 1336 CE.
Answer: False (It was founded by Harihar and Bukka.) - Question: Vijaynagar was located on the banks of the River Tungabhadra.
Answer: True - Question: Krishnadevaraya was the first ruler of the Vijaynagar Empire.
Answer: False (He was the last famous ruler from the Tuluv dynasty.) - Question: The conflict between Vijaynagar and Bahmani was over the Raichur Doab.
Answer: True - Question: Hasan Gangu established the Bahmani Kingdom in 1347 CE.
Answer: True - Question: Firoz Shah Bahamani ruled from 1422 to 1440 CE.
Answer: False (He ruled from 1397 to 1422 CE.) - Question: Mahmud Gawan built a fort in Bidar.
Answer: False (He built a Madarsa.) - Question: The Ahoms originally came from Persia.
Answer: False (They came from Burma.) - Question: The name ‘Assam’ is derived from Ahom.
Answer: True - Question: Rana Kumbha constructed the Kirti Stambh in Mewar.
Answer: True - Question: Maharana Pratap defeated the Mughals at the Battle of Haldighati in 1576 CE.
Answer: False (He confronted them but withdrew to the hills.) - Question: Rao Jodha founded the city of Bikaner.
Answer: False (He founded Jodhpur; Rao Bika founded Bikaner.) - Question: Rao Bika was the son of Rao Jodha.
Answer: True - Question: Shah Mirza established Hindu rule in Kashmir in the 14th century.
Answer: False (He established Muslim rule.) - Question: Zainul Abidin banned cow slaughter in Kashmir.
Answer: True - Question: Zainul Abidin got the Ramayana translated into Persian and Arabic.
Answer: False (He got the Mahabharata translated.) - Question: Zaina Lanka is located in the Dal Lake.
Answer: False (It is in the Woolar Lake.) - Question: The Vijaynagar Empire was divided into provinces for administration.
Answer: True - Question: The Virupaksha Temple is located in Mewar.
Answer: False (It is in Vijaynagar.)
Competency-Based Questions and Answers
- Question: A student learns that the Delhi Sultanate weakened during Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq’s time. How did this lead to the rise of regional powers like Vijaynagar and Bahmani?
Answer: The Delhi Sultanate’s weakening under Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq, due to failed policies and inability to supervise southern provinces, created a power vacuum. This allowed regional powers like Vijaynagar, founded by Harihar and Bukka in 1336 CE, and Bahmani, established by Hasan Gangu in 1347 CE, to emerge as independent kingdoms, asserting control over their territories and fostering local governance, culture, and military strength. - Question: You read that Krishnadevaraya was a great ruler of Vijaynagar. How did his leadership contribute to the prestige of the Tuluv dynasty?
Answer: Krishnadevaraya, a skilled general and administrator, expanded Vijaynagar’s territory and maintained a prosperous empire, considered the Tuluv dynasty’s golden period. His group of intellectuals, the Ashta Diggaj, enriched culture, while his nightly inspections as a commoner addressed public issues, enhancing his reputation. Foreign visitors like Domingo Paes praised his administration and trade, cementing the Tuluv dynasty’s prestige during his reign. - Question: A classmate notes that Vijaynagar and Bahmani fought over the Raichur Doab. Why was this region significant, and how did it impact their relationship?
Answer: The Raichur Doab, a fertile and rich area between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers, was crucial for agriculture and economic prosperity, making it a contested region. The conflict over Raichur Doab led to frequent battles between Vijaynagar and Bahmani, straining their relationship, as Vijaynagar’s military superiority often clashed with Bahmani’s ambitions, preventing peaceful coexistence and fostering rivalry. - Question: You learn that Firoz Shah Bahamani inducted Hindus in his administration. How did this reflect the cultural policies of the Bahmani Kingdom?
Answer: Firoz Shah Bahamani’s inclusion of Hindus in his administration reflected a policy of cultural integration, aiming to make the Deccan a cultural center. By fostering inclusivity, he encouraged collaboration between Hindus and muslims, as seen in his patronage of scholars from diverse regions and languages like Telugu and Marathi, bridging north and south India and promoting cultural harmony within the Bahmani Kingdom. - Question: A teacher explains that Mahmud Gawan built a Madarsa in Bidar. How did this contribute to the educational and cultural development of the Bahmani Kingdom?
Answer: Mahmud Gawan’s Madarsa in Bidar, accommodating 1,000 students and teachers, became a center for learning, decorated with tiles and fostering education in various fields. It attracted scholars, promoting intellectual growth, and served as a cultural bridge between north and south India. This initiative enhanced the Bahmani Kingdom’s reputation as a hub of knowledge, contributing significantly to its educational and cultural development. - Question: During a discussion, you hear that the Ahoms ruled Assam for over 600 years. How did their rule shape the identity of the region?
Answer: The Ahoms, originally from Burma, consolidated their kingdom in the Brahmaputra valley, naming it Assam. Under rulers like Suhungming, they strengthened the region through Hindu governance, resisting invasions like Nusrat Shah’s. Their 600-year rule established a distinct Assamese identity, blending Mongolian heritage with local traditions, fostering cultural unity, and laying the foundation for Assam’s historical and political development as a Hindu kingdom. - Question: You read that Rana Kumbha was a learned ruler of Mewar. How did his contributions reflect his multifaceted role as a ruler?
Answer: Rana Kumbha of Mewar, a brave general, built 32 forts for defense and constructed the Kirti Stambh to mark his victory over Malwa. As a linguist, author, architect, and veena player, he enriched Mewar’s culture, showcasing his multifaceted role. His scholarly pursuits and military achievements strengthened Mewar, reflecting a ruler who balanced warfare, administration, and cultural patronage effectively. - Question: A news report highlights Maharana Pratap’s resistance against the Mughals. How did his guerrilla warfare impact the Mughal control over Mewar?
Answer: Maharana Pratap’s guerrilla warfare after the Battle of Haldighati in 1576 CE, conducted from Mewar’s hills, harassed Mughal forces for 20 years, preventing complete control over the region. Despite losing Chittorgarh, his resistance kept Mewar’s spirit alive, inspiring Rajput defiance. This prolonged struggle weakened Mughal dominance, showcasing the effectiveness of unconventional warfare in resisting imperial expansion in a rugged terrain. - Question: You learn that Zainul Abidin was a liberal ruler of Kashmir. How did his policies promote religious tolerance and economic growth in the region?
Answer: Zainul Abidin banned cow slaughter, abolished jazia, and appointed Hindus to high positions, promoting religious tolerance in Kashmir. He encouraged crafts like shawl weaving, controlled market prices, and imported scarce items like salt, boosting the economy and employment. His translation of texts into Persian and Sanskrit fostered cultural exchange, creating a harmonious and prosperous society during his reign from 1420 to 1470 CE. - Question: A teacher mentions the architectural achievements of Vijaynagar. How did these reflect the cultural and religious priorities of the empire?
Answer: Vijaynagar’s architecture, seen in temples like Vithalswami and Virupaksha, with large pillared halls, high gopurams, and life-size statues, reflected its cultural richness and devotion to Vaishnavism, as indicated by coins. These structures, built with royal grants, emphasized religious patronage, artistic excellence, and communal celebration, like the Mahanavmi festival, showcasing the empire’s priority to uphold Hindu traditions and societal harmony amidst diverse populations.
High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions and Answers
- Question: Why might the weakening of the Delhi Sultanate have led to the rise of regional powers, and what does this suggest about the importance of centralized authority?
Answer: The Delhi Sultanate’s weakening under Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq, due to administrative failures, allowed regional powers like Vijaynagar and Bahmani to emerge by asserting independence. This suggests centralized authority is crucial for maintaining control over diverse regions, as its absence creates power vacuums, enabling local leaders to establish autonomous states, reflecting the need for strong governance to ensure unity and prevent fragmentation. - Question: How did Krishnadevaraya’s leadership enhance Vijaynagar’s prestige, and what does this reveal about the role of cultural patronage in governance?
Answer: Krishnadevaraya’s military victories, administrative efficiency, and cultural patronage through the Ashta Diggaj intellectuals elevated Vijaynagar’s prestige, as noted by foreign visitors like Domingo Paes. His nighttime inspections addressed public issues, ensuring welfare. This reveals cultural patronage in governance fosters intellectual growth, strengthens societal bonds, and enhances a ruler’s legacy, making the state a beacon of prosperity and cultural richness. - Question: Why might the Raichur Doab conflict have been a persistent issue between Vijaynagar and Bahmani, and what does this indicate about resource competition in medieval India?
Answer: The Raichur Doab’s fertility and economic value made it a persistent conflict zone between Vijaynagar and Bahmani, as both sought to control its resources for wealth and sustenance. This indicates resource competition in medieval India was a key driver of conflict, reflecting how scarce fertile lands fueled rivalries, necessitating strategic military and diplomatic efforts to secure economic stability and regional dominance. - Question: How did Firoz Shah Bahamani’s inclusive policies shape the Bahmani Kingdom’s cultural identity, and what does this suggest about the role of diversity in state-building?
Answer: Firoz Shah Bahamani’s inclusion of Hindus in administration and patronage of diverse languages like Telugu and Marathi made the Deccan a cultural center, bridging north and south India. This shaped a syncretic identity for the Bahmani Kingdom, suggesting diversity in state-building fosters cultural richness, promotes inclusivity, and strengthens governance by integrating varied communities, enhancing the state’s resilience and appeal. - Question: Why might Mahmud Gawan’s Madarsa in Bidar have been significant for the Bahmani Kingdom, and what does this reveal about the importance of education in medieval societies?
Answer: Mahmud Gawan’s Madarsa in Bidar, housing 1,000 students and teachers, became a hub for learning, attracting scholars and fostering cultural exchange between north and south India. Its architectural beauty symbolized Bahmani’s educational commitment. This reveals education in medieval societies was vital for intellectual growth, cultural integration, and state prestige, enabling rulers to nurture talent and strengthen their kingdom’s legacy. - Question: How did the Ahoms’ long rule shape Assam’s identity, and what does this indicate about the impact of sustained governance on regional development?
Answer: The Ahoms’ 600-year rule in Assam, under leaders like Suhungming, established a distinct Assamese identity by blending Mongolian heritage with Hindu traditions, resisting invasions, and consolidating the Brahmaputra valley. This indicates sustained governance fosters regional development by creating cultural unity, political stability, and resilience, allowing regions to develop unique identities and withstand external pressures through consistent leadership and local integration. - Question: Why might Rana Kumbha’s multifaceted contributions have strengthened Mewar, and what does this suggest about the role of a ruler’s versatility in governance?
Answer: Rana Kumbha’s military prowess, with 32 forts and the Kirti Stambh, and his scholarly pursuits as a linguist, author, and veena player, strengthened Mewar by ensuring defense and cultural richness. This suggests a ruler’s versatility in governance, combining military, administrative, and cultural roles, enhances a state’s stability, fosters loyalty, and creates a lasting legacy, balancing security with intellectual and artistic growth. - Question: How did Maharana Pratap’s guerrilla warfare challenge Mughal dominance, and what does this reveal about the effectiveness of unconventional strategies in resisting imperial powers?
Answer: Maharana Pratap’s guerrilla warfare from Mewar’s hills after the 1576 CE Battle of Haldighati disrupted Mughal control for 20 years, preventing complete domination despite losing Chittorgarh. This reveals unconventional strategies can effectively resist imperial powers by exploiting terrain and sustained resistance, challenging superior forces, and preserving regional autonomy, highlighting the power of adaptability in asymmetrical conflicts. - Question: Why might Zainul Abidin’s liberal policies have made Kashmir prosperous, and what does this indicate about the role of tolerance in governance?
Answer: Zainul Abidin’s policies, like banning cow slaughter, abolishing jazia, and promoting crafts, fostered religious tolerance and economic growth in Kashmir, attracting diverse talents and boosting trade. His translations of texts enhanced cultural exchange. This indicates tolerance in governance creates a harmonious, prosperous society, encouraging collaboration, economic development, and cultural richness, essential for a ruler to govern a diverse population effectively. - Question: How did the architectural achievements of Vijaynagar reflect its cultural priorities, and what does this suggest about the role of art in state identity?
Answer: Vijaynagar’s temples, like Vithalswami and Virupaksha, with gopurams and life-size statues, reflected its Hindu devotion and cultural richness, emphasizing Vaishnavism and communal celebrations like Mahanavmi. This suggests art in state identity reinforces religious and cultural values, fosters unity, and projects power, allowing rulers to create a lasting legacy that resonates with the population and defines the state’s historical narrative.
Short Questions and Answers
- Question: When did the Delhi Sultanate begin to weaken?
Answer: During Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq’s time. - Question: Who founded the Vijaynagar Kingdom?
Answer: Harihar and Bukka. - Question: Where was Vijaynagar located?
Answer: On the banks of the River Tungabhadra. - Question: Who was the last famous ruler of Vijaynagar?
Answer: Krishnadevaraya. - Question: What caused conflict between Vijaynagar and Bahmani?
Answer: Domination of the Raichur Doab. - Question: Who established the Bahmani Kingdom?
Answer: Hasan Gangu. - Question: When did Firoz Shah Bahamani rule?
Answer: 1397-1422 CE. - Question: What did Mahmud Gawan build in Bidar?
Answer: A Madarsa. - Question: Where did the Ahoms originally come from?
Answer: Burma. - Question: What is the origin of the name ‘Assam’?
Answer: Ahom. - Question: Who constructed the Kirti Stambh in Mewar?
Answer: Rana Kumbha. - Question: Where did Maharana Pratap fight the Mughals in 1576 CE?
Answer: Battle of Haldighati. - Question: Who founded Jodhpur in Marwar?
Answer: Rao Jodha. - Question: Who founded Bikaner?
Answer: Rao Bika. - Question: Who established Muslim rule in Kashmir?
Answer: Shah Mirza. - Question: What did Zainul Abidin ban in Kashmir?
Answer: Cow slaughter. - Question: What text did Zainul Abidin translate into Persian?
Answer: Mahabharata. - Question: Where is Zaina Lanka located?
Answer: Woolar Lake. - Question: How was Vijaynagar administratively divided?
Answer: Into provinces. - Question: Name a famous temple in Vijaynagar.
Answer: Virupaksha Temple.
Long Questions and Answers (60-70 Words)
- Question: Describe how the weakening of the Delhi Sultanate led to the rise of regional powers.
Answer: The Delhi Sultanate weakened under Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq due to failed policies, losing control over southern provinces. This enabled regional powers like Vijaynagar, founded by Harihar and Bukka in 1336 CE, and Bahmani, established by Hasan Gangu in 1347 CE, to emerge. They asserted independence, focusing on local governance, military strength, and cultural development, filling the power vacuum and shaping India’s regional landscape in the 15th century. - Question: Explain Krishnadevaraya’s contributions to the Vijaynagar Empire’s prestige.
Answer: Krishnadevaraya, a skilled general and administrator, expanded Vijaynagar’s territory and fostered prosperity, marking the Tuluv dynasty’s golden era. His Ashta Diggaj intellectuals enriched culture, while his nighttime inspections as a commoner addressed public grievances. Foreign visitors like Domingo Paes praised his administration and trade, enhancing Vijaynagar’s prestige as a powerful, culturally vibrant empire, admired for its governance and intellectual achievements. - Question: Discuss the significance of the Raichur Doab conflict between Vijaynagar and Bahmani.
Answer: The Raichur Doab, a fertile region between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers, was significant for its economic value, fueling conflict between Vijaynagar and Bahmani. Vijaynagar’s military superiority often clashed with Bahmani’s ambitions, leading to persistent battles. This rivalry strained their relationship, preventing peaceful coexistence, and highlighted the strategic importance of resource-rich areas in shaping medieval India’s political and economic dynamics. - Question: Describe Firoz Shah Bahamani’s cultural contributions to the Bahmani Kingdom.
Answer: Firoz Shah Bahamani (1397-1422 CE) aimed to make the Deccan a cultural center, inducting Hindus into administration and patronizing scholars in Arabic, Persian, Marathi, Telugu, and Kannada. A skilled calligraphist, he composed verses and built an observatory in Daulatabad. His inclusive policies fostered cultural integration, bridging north and south India, and enriched the Bahmani Kingdom’s intellectual and artistic landscape significantly. - Question: Explain the role of Mahmud Gawan’s Madarsa in the Bahmani Kingdom’s development.
Answer: Mahmud Gawan’s Madarsa in Bidar, accommodating 1,000 students and teachers, became a center for learning, decorated with tiles, and attracted scholars from across India. It promoted education and cultural exchange, acting as a bridge between north and south India. This initiative enhanced the Bahmani Kingdom’s intellectual reputation, fostering knowledge and cultural development, and strengthening its legacy as a hub of scholarship. - Question: Discuss how the Ahoms shaped Assam’s identity over their 600-year rule.
Answer: The Ahoms, originating from Burma, ruled Assam for over 600 years, consolidating the Brahmaputra valley and naming it Assam. Under Suhungming, they resisted invasions like Nusrat Shah’s, maintaining Hindu governance. Their rule blended Mongolian heritage with local traditions, creating a distinct Assamese identity, fostering cultural unity, and ensuring political stability, which shaped Assam’s historical and regional development significantly. - Question: Describe Rana Kumbha’s contributions to Mewar’s strength and culture.
Answer: Rana Kumbha strengthened Mewar by building 32 forts for defense and the Kirti Stambh to celebrate his victory over Malwa. A linguist, author, architect, and veena player, he enriched Mewar’s culture through scholarly works and architectural marvels. His multifaceted contributions balanced military strategy with cultural patronage, enhancing Mewar’s resilience and cultural identity, making him an outstanding ruler of his time. - Question: Explain Maharana Pratap’s resistance against the Mughals and its impact on Mewar.
Answer: Maharana Pratap resisted the Mughals through guerrilla warfare after the 1576 CE Battle of Haldighati, operating from Mewar’s hills for 20 years. Despite losing Chittorgarh, his defiance prevented complete Mughal control, inspiring Rajput pride. His vow to reclaim Chittorgarh symbolized resilience, impacting Mewar by preserving its independence spirit, though it remained a kingdom without a capital during his reign. - Question: Discuss Zainul Abidin’s policies and their impact on Kashmir’s prosperity.
Answer: Zainul Abidin (1420-1470 CE) banned cow slaughter, abolished jazia, and appointed Hindus to high posts, promoting religious tolerance in Kashmir. He controlled market prices, encouraged crafts like shawl weaving, and imported scarce goods, boosting the economy. His translation of the Mahabharata into Persian fostered cultural exchange, making Kashmir prosperous and harmonious, earning him the title Badshah among Kashmiris for his far-sighted rule. - Question: Describe the architectural features of Vijaynagar and their cultural significance.
Answer: Vijaynagar’s architecture, seen in the Vithalswami and Virupaksha temples, featured large pillared halls, high gopurams, and life-size statues, reflecting devotion to Vaishnavism and artistic excellence. Surrounded by seven walls, the city emphasized defense and grandeur. These structures, supported by royal grants, highlighted Vijaynagar’s cultural priority of religious patronage, fostering communal unity and leaving a lasting legacy of Hindu architectural splendour.