Keywords To Remember
Manufacturing
The process of converting raw materials into finished products using machines, tools, or labour. Manufacturing involves the creation of goods for sale.
Raw Material
- Basic materials that are processed and used to produce finished products. Examples include iron ore, cotton, and wood.
Value Addition
- The process of increasing the worth of a product by changing its form or improving its quality, such as converting iron ore into steel or raw cotton into fabric.
Cottage Industry
- Small-scale, home-based industries where goods are made by hand using locally available raw materials, often involving family labour. Examples include pottery, weaving, and carpentry.
Small Scale Industry
- A type of manufacturing industry that uses a combination of manual labour and machinery. It requires lower capital investment compared to large-scale industries and focuses on the production of goods like toys, leather products, and edible oils.
Large Scale Industry
- Industries that use large-scale machinery and require substantial capital investment, raw materials, and labour force to produce goods in bulk, such as steel, automobiles, and electronics.
Basic Industry
- Industries that produce goods used as raw materials for other industries. For example, the iron and steel industry produces steel, which is used in the manufacture of machine tools.
Consumer Goods Industry
- Industries that produce goods directly used by consumers. Examples include food products, clothing, and household appliances.
Agro-based Industry
- Industries that use agricultural products as their raw material, such as food processing, cotton textiles, and vegetable oils.
Forest-based Industry
- Industries that use products derived from forests, like wood, paper, and medicinal plants. Examples include paper mills and furniture manufacturing.
Animal-based Industry
- Industries that use animal products as raw materials, such as dairy, leather, wool, and meat processing industries.
Mineral-based Industry
- Industries that depend on minerals as raw materials, such as the iron and steel industry, cement industry, and petroleum refining.
Public Sector
- Industries that are owned and managed by the government. Examples include Bhilai Steel Plant and Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.
Private Sector
- Industries owned and managed by individuals, families, or corporate bodies, such as Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) and Reliance Industries.
Joint Sector
- Industries jointly owned and managed by both the government and private sector. For example, Indian Oil Corporation and Petrochemicals Limited.
Co-operative Sector
- Industries managed and owned by a group of people for mutual benefit, often in the form of a cooperative society. Examples include Amul (milk cooperative) and Lijjat Papad (women’s cooperative).
Multinational Companies (MNCs)
- Companies that operate in multiple countries, often bringing foreign investments, technology, and products to the local market. Examples include Pepsi, Coca-Cola, and McDonald’s.
Industrial Labour
- Workers employed in industries, often involving manual labour or machine operation, and generally earn higher wages than agricultural labourers.
Industrial Development
- The process of expanding the industrial sector of an economy, often used as a measure of economic progress and prosperity.
Location Factors
- The factors that influence the establishment of industries in specific areas, such as availability of raw materials, labour, power, transportation, and market access.
Geographical Factors
- Natural factors affecting the location of industries, such as the availability of raw materials, water, land, climate, and proximity to markets.
Non-geographical Factors
- Human and economic factors that influence industrial location, including government policies, capital, labour availability, infrastructure, and transportation networks.
Industrial Cluster
- A concentration of industries in a particular region, often facilitated by favorable factors such as raw materials, skilled labour, and market access. Examples include industrial regions in India like the Mumbai-Pune region and the Chotanagpur region.
Iron and Steel Industry
- A foundational industry that produces iron and steel, which are essential for building machines, tools, and infrastructure. Examples of such industries include Tata Steel in India and the steel plants in the USA and China.
Cotton Textile Industry
- The industry involved in the production of textiles from cotton, including spinning, weaving, dyeing, and finishing. Major centers include Ahmedabad in India and Osaka in Japan.
Information Technology (IT) Industry
- The sector involved in the development, maintenance, and use of computer systems, software, and networks to store, process, and transmit information. It includes services like Business Process Outsourcing (BPO).
BPO (Business Process Outsourcing)
- A type of outsourcing where business functions like customer service, IT support, and human resources are contracted to third-party companies, often located in different countries to reduce costs.
Semiconductor Industry
- An industry that produces semiconductors, which are essential for the functioning of electronic devices like computers, mobile phones, and telecommunications equipment.
Thermal Power
- Power generated by converting heat energy from burning fossil fuels into electrical energy. Thermal power plants are a key source of energy in many industrial regions.
Capital Investment
- The money spent by a business or industry to acquire resources such as machinery, land, or technology, necessary for its production process.
Something to Know
Tick (✔️) the correct option.
- The largest industry of India in terms of employment is—
(a) cotton textile
(b) automobile
(c) iron and steel
(d) information technology
Answer – (a) cotton textile
- Which one of the following industries helps in the manufacturing of electronic goods?
(a) iron and steel
(b) aluminium
(c) chemical
(d) information technology
Answer – (b) aluminium
- Jamshedpur is known for which type of activities?
(a) cultural
(b) administrative
(c) educational
(d) industrial
Answer – (d) industrial
- Which industry is known as the backbone of modern civilisation?
(a) beverage industry
(b) textile industry
(c) cement industry
(d) iron and steel industry
Answer – (d) iron and steel industry
- The first modern Iron and Steel company to be established in India was—
(a) TISCO
(b) IISCO
(c) Rourkela Steel Plant
(d) Bokaro Steel Plant
Answer – (a) TISCO
B. Fill in the blanks.
- The conversion of raw material into more useful products with the help of machines is defined as __________ .
Answer – manufacturing
- On the basis of __________ manufacturing industry is classified into cottage industry, scale industry and large scale __________ industry.
Answer – size, manufacturing
- Industry whose finished products are used as raw material is called as __________ industry.
Answer – basic
- Clustering of industries in a particular area is defined as __________ region.
Answer – industrial
- Semi-conductor chips in a computer __________ , __________ and information.
Answer – process, store
C.Write True or False for the following statements.
- Manufacturing industries add value to the commodity.
Answer – True
- Bhilai Steel Plant is located in Madhya Pradesh in India.
Answer – True
- Chotanagpur Plateau region has large concentration of iron and steel industries.
Answer – True
- An industrial labourer earns more than an agricultural labour does.
Answer – True
- The raw materials for the iron and steel industry are iron ore, coking coal and limestone. Answer – True
D. Answer the following questions in brief.
- How can we measure the economic development of a country? Explain.
Answer – The economic development of a country can be measured by factors such as GDP (Gross Domestic Product), per capita income, standard of living, infrastructure, literacy rates, healthcare, and industrial growth. Economic indicators like employment rates, industrial output, and technological advancement also provide insights into the economic progress of a country.
- What are the basis on which the industries can be classified? Give at least two examples for each.
Answer – Industries can be classified based on the following factors:
On the basis of raw materials:
Agro-based industries (e.g., cotton textile, food processing)
Mineral-based industries (e.g., iron and steel, cement)
On the basis of size:
Small-scale industries (e.g., handicrafts, small-scale textile units)
Large-scale industries (e.g., automobile, steel plants)
- State any three non-geographical factors that affect the location of an industry.
Answer – Capital availability: Adequate financial resources are required for setting up and running industries.
Labour supply: Availability of skilled and unskilled labour influences the choice of location.
Government policies: Tax incentives, subsidies, and policies can encourage industries to set up in particular areas.
- Name any five industrial regions of India.
Answer – Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region
Bangalore-Hosur Industrial Region
Chennai Industrial Region
Jamshedpur Industrial Region
Kolkata-Haldia Industrial Region
- Differentiate between private sector and public sector.
Answer – Private sector: Owned and operated by private individuals or companies. The primary aim is profit generation. Examples: Reliance Industries, Tata Group.
Public sector: Owned and operated by the government. The primary aim is public welfare and service. Examples: Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL).
E. Answer the following questions.
- Why is cotton textile industry largely concentrated in Gujarat and Maharashtra? Explain any five reasons.
Answer – The cotton textile industry is largely concentrated in Gujarat and Maharashtra due to the following reasons:
Climate: These regions have a favourable climate for cotton cultivation, ensuring a regular supply of raw cotton.
Proximity to ports: Gujarat, especially, has a long coastline, facilitating easy export of finished textile products.
Availability of labour: Both regions have a large and skilled labour force available for the textile industry.
Infrastructure: Well-developed infrastructure such as roads, railways, and power supply makes it easier for industries to function.
Historical development: Both states have a historical presence of textile mills, which has led to further industrialization and expertise in the sector.
- State the factors which have helped in the development of IT industry in Bengaluru.
Answer – The development of the IT industry in Bengaluru can be attributed to the following factors:
Educational institutions: Presence of world-class universities and institutions like Indian Institute of Science (IISc) and Indian Institute of Management (IIM) providing a pool of skilled professionals.
Government policies: The supportive IT-friendly government policies and tax incentives.
Connectivity: Bengaluru’s connectivity to other global cities via airports and communication networks.
Talent pool: Availability of a highly skilled and educated workforce.
Presence of multinational companies: The establishment of global IT companies like Infosys, Wipro, and many international firms creating a dynamic IT ecosystem.
- Explain with suitable examples how a basic industry is different from a consumer industry. In your opinion, which one of the two should be given priority and why?
Answer – Basic Industry: These industries provide raw materials for other industries. Examples include the iron and steel industry (providing raw materials for construction, automobiles) and the petroleum industry (supplying fuel to various sectors).
Consumer Industry: These industries produce goods for direct consumption. Examples include the textile industry (producing clothes) and the food processing industry (producing packaged foods).
Priority Opinion: Basic industries should be given priority because they form the foundation for the growth of consumer industries. Without basic industries like iron and steel or chemicals, consumer industries cannot thrive.
- What is the importance of manufacturing industries for a nation like India? Explain.
Answer – Manufacturing industries are important for India for the following reasons:
Economic growth: They contribute significantly to GDP and economic growth.
Employment generation: Manufacturing sectors provide direct and indirect employment to millions.
Exports: The production of manufactured goods helps boost exports and earn foreign exchange.
Technological advancement: These industries foster technological innovation and skill development.
Infrastructure development: The growth of industries helps in the development of infrastructure like roads, ports, and energy supply.
- Why is the iron and steel industry considered basic to the industrial development of any country? Name any four major iron and steel plants of India and their location.
Answer – The iron and steel industry is considered basic to industrial development because it supplies raw materials like steel to other industries such as construction, automobiles, and machinery. It plays a key role in infrastructure development and national economic growth.
Four major iron and steel plants in India:
Tata Steel Plant (Jamshedpur, Jharkhand)
Bhilai Steel Plant (Bhilai, Chhattisgarh)
Rourkela Steel Plant (Rourkela, Odisha)
Bokaro Steel Plant (Bokaro, Jharkhand)
Value Based Question
‘Make in India’ is devised to transform India into a global design and manufacturing hub. This initiative will give a boost to entrepreneurship in manufacturing sector of India. This campaign targets to increase the contribution of the manufacturing sector to India GDP (Gross Domestic Product). It will also lead to an increase in manufacturing and exports.
An increase in investment in manufacturing will increase employment opportunities for the skilled labour force and this forms a job market. The ‘Make in India’ operation is the vision of an economically strong India.
- ‘India needs both factories and farms.’ Give arguments to support the statement.
Answer – The statement emphasizes the importance of both industrial and agricultural sectors for a balanced and sustainable economic growth in India. Here are the arguments to support this statement:
- Diversification of the economy: A healthy balance between factories (industries) and farms (agriculture) ensures that the economy is not overly dependent on one sector. While factories contribute to industrialization, agriculture remains a significant source of livelihood for a large portion of India’s population.
- Employment generation: Agriculture provides employment to a large rural population, while industries, especially those in manufacturing and services, create jobs in urban areas. Both sectors contribute to reducing unemployment.
- Economic resilience: Having both sectors ensures that the economy is more resilient to shocks. For example, if there is a drought affecting agricultural productivity, the industrial sector might help balance the losses, and vice versa.
- Trade balance: Agriculture contributes to export earnings, such as through products like rice, wheat, tea, and spices. On the other hand, factories and industries contribute to higher exports of manufactured goods, thus balancing trade.
- Sustainable growth: The growth of the manufacturing sector through initiatives like ‘Make in India’ complements the agricultural sector, which provides raw materials (such as cotton, food grains, etc.) to factories, creating a symbiotic relationship for long-term economic prosperity.
- What is your vision of an economically strong India?
Answer – My vision of an economically strong India is one where:
- Inclusive Growth: Economic growth is inclusive, meaning it benefits all sections of society, especially the underprivileged and rural population. There is a significant reduction in poverty and income inequality.
- Global Competitiveness: India is a global leader in manufacturing, technology, and innovation. Indian products are recognized worldwide for their quality, and India is a hub for global investments.
- Job Creation: There is a substantial increase in employment opportunities, driven by both traditional sectors like agriculture and modern industries like IT and manufacturing. The workforce is skilled and prepared for the demands of the global economy.
- Sustainability: Economic development does not come at the cost of the environment. India is a global leader in sustainable practices, using renewable energy, and ensuring resource conservation.
- Technological Advancements: Technology drives productivity in all sectors, from agriculture to manufacturing. Innovations like AI, robotics, and biotechnology are integrated into daily business practices, boosting efficiency and global competitiveness.
- Infrastructure Development: India boasts world-class infrastructure in transportation, power, and communication that supports industrial growth, trade, and overall economic development.
In short, my vision is of an India where economic development benefits all citizens, supports global competitiveness, and is environmentally sustainable.
(Map Skill)
- On an outline political map of India, locate and label the states where the following iron and steel plants are situated.
(a) Bhilai Steel Plant
(b) Durgapur Steel Plant
(c) Bokaro Steel Plant
(d) Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO)
(e) Tata Iron and Steel Plant (TISCO)
(f) Visvesvaraiya Iron and Steel Works
(g) Rourkela Steel Plant
Answer – 1. Iron and Steel Plants:
(a) Bhilai Steel Plant – Located in Chhattisgarh near the town of Bhilai.
(b) Durgapur Steel Plant – Located in West Bengal near Durgapur.
(c) Bokaro Steel Plant – Located in Jharkhand near the town of Bokaro.
(d) Indian Iron and Steel Company (IISCO) – Located in West Bengal near Burnpur.
(e) Tata Iron and Steel Plant (TISCO) – Located in Jharkhand in the city of Jamshedpur.
(f) Visvesvaraiya Iron and Steel Works – Located in Karnataka near the town of Bhadravati.
(g) Rourkela Steel Plant – Located in Odisha near the town of Rourkela.
- On an outline political map of India, locate and label IT industry centres given below.
(a) Bengaluru
(b) Hyderabad
(c) Thiruvananthapuram
(d) Gandhinagar
(e) Jaipur
(f) Mohali
Answer – (a) Bengaluru – Located in Karnataka (Bengaluru is known as India’s Silicon Valley).
(b) Hyderabad – Located in Telangana (a major IT hub, also referred to as ‘Cyberabad’).
(c) Thiruvananthapuram – Located in Kerala (a growing IT hub, known for Technopark).
(d) Gandhinagar – Located in Gujarat (the state capital and an emerging IT centre).
(e) Jaipur – Located in Rajasthan (also a growing IT centre, especially for business outsourcing).
(f) Mohali – Located in Punjab (known for its growing IT and software development industries).
Something To Do
- Collect pictures of various products advertised in newspapers and magazines. Classify them according to the industry to which they belong. Display this on the display board in your Social Science lab.
Answer – Instructions:
- Step 1: Collect Advertisements
Go through various newspapers and magazines. Cut out advertisements of different products. You can focus on a variety of products such as electronics, clothing, food items, cars, and appliances. - Step 2: Categorize the Products
Once you have collected the advertisements, categorize them based on the industry to which they belong. For example:- Textile Industry: Clothes, fabrics, footwear.
- Automobile Industry: Cars, bikes, spare parts.
- Electronics Industry: Mobile phones, computers, televisions, refrigerators.
- Food Industry: Packaged food, beverages, snacks.
- Pharmaceutical Industry: Medicines, health supplements.
- Chemical Industry: Cosmetics, cleaning products.
- Step 3: Create a Display Board
On a large display board in your Social Science lab, create sections for each industry. Under each section, paste the pictures of the products you have collected. You can label each product and mention the industry it belongs to.
This will help your classmates see the diversity of industries and the role they play in advertising products.
- Prepare a project on ‘Industrial pollution is a challenge to the maintenance of environment.
Answer – Project Outline:
- Introduction to Industrial Pollution:
- Explain what industrial pollution is (air, water, and soil contamination caused by industrial activities).
- Mention the various industries that contribute to pollution such as manufacturing, mining, chemical, and power generation.
- Types of Industrial Pollution:
- Air Pollution: Emissions from factories, power plants, and vehicles that release harmful gases like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide.
- Water Pollution: Wastewater from industries that contaminate rivers, lakes, and oceans.
- Soil Pollution: Disposal of hazardous chemicals and waste products that degrade soil quality.
- Noise Pollution: Sound produced by industrial activities that affect the surrounding ecosystem and human health.
- Causes of Industrial Pollution:
- Inadequate waste management systems.
- Lack of proper filtration or treatment plants for industrial waste.
- Overuse of natural resources without recycling.
- Uncontrolled emissions of harmful gases and toxic substances.
- Impact of Industrial Pollution on the Environment:
- Health Issues: Respiratory problems, heart diseases, and other health complications for people living near industrial areas.
- Biodiversity Loss: Damage to ecosystems, water bodies, and wildlife due to pollution.
- Climate Change: Contribution to global warming and changes in weather patterns.
- Soil Degradation: Loss of soil fertility and destruction of habitats.
- Measures to Control Industrial Pollution:
- Government Regulations: Implementing stricter environmental laws and standards.
- Adoption of Cleaner Technologies: Using more efficient and less polluting technologies in industries.
- Waste Management and Recycling: Proper disposal and recycling of industrial waste.
- Awareness Campaigns: Educating industries and the public about the importance of reducing pollution.
- Conclusion:
Summarize how industrial pollution is a serious challenge and needs immediate attention for the sustainable future of the environment. Highlight the importance of industrial practices that are eco-friendly.
Presentation Tips:
- Use diagrams and pictures (such as images of factories emitting smoke, polluted water bodies, etc.) to make the project visually engaging.
- Include real-life case studies or examples of industrial pollution in your region or from global instances.
- Provide suggestions for students and communities to minimize their carbon footprint and advocate for cleaner industries.
Additional Questions and Answers – 01
Fill in the Blanks Questions and Answers
- The iron and steel industry is known as the __________ industry.
Answer – Basic - The main raw material for the cement industry is __________.
Answer – Limestone - The first modern iron and steel plant in India was established at __________.
Answer – Jamshedpur - The __________ industry produces goods which are directly consumed by individuals.
Answer – Consumer - The __________ industry includes the production of electrical goods, gadgets, and computer components.
Answer – Electronics
MCQs (Multiple Choice Questions) and Answers
- Which of the following is the major raw material for the textile industry?
(a) Cotton
(b) Coal
(c) Limestone
(d) Iron Ore
Answer – (a) Cotton - The primary function of the fertilizer industry is to produce __________.
(a) Soil Enhancers
(b) Electronic Goods
(c) Chemical Fertilizers
(d) Raw Materials for Construction
Answer – (c) Chemical Fertilizers - Which of the following industries is located in the Chotanagpur Plateau region?
(a) Textile Industry
(b) Iron and Steel Industry
(c) Information Technology Industry
(d) Chemical Industry
Answer – (b) Iron and Steel Industry - What is the primary raw material for the aluminum industry?
(a) Copper
(b) Coal
(c) Bauxite
(d) Limestone
Answer – (c) Bauxite - Which of the following is an example of a tertiary industry?
(a) Textile
(b) Transport
(c) Food Processing
(d) Iron and Steel
Answer – (b) Transport
True/False Questions and Answers
- India has a well-established iron and steel industry.
Answer – True - Jamshedpur is the location of the Bhilai Steel Plant.
Answer – False (It is the location of Tata Steel or TISCO, while Bhilai is located in Madhya Pradesh) - The IT industry is an example of the secondary sector.
Answer – False (It is part of the tertiary sector) - India is the largest producer of cotton in the world.
Answer – True - Mumbai is a major centre for the automobile industry in India.
Answer – False (It is Pune)
Competency Based Questions and Answers
- Explain how the presence of raw materials and infrastructure influences the location of the iron and steel industry.
Answer – Raw materials like iron ore, coal, and limestone are crucial for the iron and steel industry. The proximity to these raw materials reduces transportation costs and ensures the smooth functioning of the plant. Similarly, adequate infrastructure such as transport networks, power supply, and water sources are essential for setting up such heavy industries. - How does the textile industry contribute to the economic growth of India?
Answer – The textile industry is one of the oldest and largest industries in India. It contributes significantly to the nation’s GDP, provides employment to millions of people, and is a major exporter. It also plays a role in rural development and supports related industries such as agriculture (cotton farming), dyeing, and packaging. - Why is the automobile industry important for India’s development?
Answer – The automobile industry not only creates direct employment but also stimulates demand in related sectors like steel, plastics, and electronics. It helps in improving infrastructure and contributes to export earnings, while enhancing India’s global competitiveness.
High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions and Answers
- Analyze the impact of the ‘Make in India’ initiative on India’s industrial growth.
Answer – The ‘Make in India’ initiative encourages investment in the manufacturing sector, leading to job creation, infrastructure improvement, and technological advancements. It aims to reduce India’s dependency on imports and boost exports, improving the balance of trade. This initiative promotes the development of industries such as electronics, textiles, and automobile manufacturing, which significantly contribute to India’s economic growth. - Evaluate the environmental impact of the expansion of industrial sectors in India. What are the challenges in maintaining a balance between industrial growth and environmental conservation?
Answer – Industrial expansion leads to pollution, depletion of natural resources, and habitat destruction. The challenges in balancing industrial growth and environmental conservation include the overuse of water, air pollution, and improper waste disposal. Sustainable industrial practices, including the adoption of cleaner technologies, waste management, and stricter regulations, are essential to minimize the environmental impact. - How can India achieve a more equitable distribution of industrial development across the country?
Answer – To achieve equitable distribution, industrial development should be promoted in underdeveloped regions through improved infrastructure, financial incentives, and skill development programs. Regional policies can ensure that resources are used efficiently, reducing regional disparities in industrial growth and employment opportunities.
Short Questions and Answers
- What is the role of the cement industry in India?
Answer – The cement industry is vital for construction, infrastructure development, and urbanization. It supports industries like housing, transportation, and public works, contributing to the country’s economic development. - What are the raw materials used in the textile industry?
Answer – The primary raw materials used in the textile industry are cotton, wool, silk, and synthetic fibers. - Where is the Rourkela Steel Plant located?
Answer – The Rourkela Steel Plant is located in the state of Odisha, India.
Long Questions and Answers
- Describe the factors that contribute to the location of an iron and steel industry.
Answer – Several factors influence the location of iron and steel industries:- Proximity to Raw Materials: The availability of iron ore, coal, and limestone reduces transportation costs.
- Access to Power: Industries require a reliable and affordable supply of power.
- Water Availability: Steel manufacturing requires a large amount of water for cooling and processing.
- Transportation Infrastructure: Good roads, railways, and ports are necessary for the transportation of raw materials and finished products.
- Labour Availability: A skilled and semi-skilled workforce is essential for such heavy industries.
- Market Access: The proximity to markets, both domestic and international, is vital for sales and export.
- What are the challenges faced by the manufacturing industries in India? How can they be overcome?
Answer – The manufacturing industries in India face several challenges, including:- Inadequate Infrastructure: Poor transport networks, inconsistent power supply, and lack of modern facilities.
- Environmental Issues: Pollution and degradation of natural resources.
- Competition from Global Markets: Foreign markets often provide cheaper goods.
- Skilled Labour Shortage: There is a gap in the skill sets required for modern industrial needs.
These challenges can be overcome by improving infrastructure, adopting sustainable industrial practices, investing in skill development programs, and promoting innovation through technology.
Additional Questions and Answer – 02
Key Terms with Definitions
- Manufacturing– The process of converting raw materials into finished goods using machines or tools.
- Cottage Industry– Small-scale, home-based manufacturing using local raw materials (e.g., pottery, weaving).
- Small-Scale Industry– Uses machinery and limited labour to produce goods (e.g., toys, furniture).
- Large-Scale Industry– Heavy machinery, high capital, and mass production (e.g., steel, automobiles).
- Basic Industry– Produces raw materials for other industries (e.g., iron and steel).
- Consumer Goods Industry– Makes products for direct use (e.g., soap, electronics).
- Agro-Based Industry– Uses agricultural raw materials (e.g., sugar, cotton textiles).
- Mineral-Based Industry– Relies on minerals (e.g., cement, petrochemicals).
- Public Sector– Government-owned industries (e.g., SAIL, BHEL).
- Private Sector– Privately owned industries (e.g., TATA Steel, Reliance).
- Joint Sector– Collabouration between government and private entities (e.g., Indian Oil PETRONAS).
- Co-operative Sector– Managed by a cooperative society (e.g., Amul, Lijjat Papad).
- Industrial Region– A cluster of industries in a favourable location (e.g., Mumbai-Pune belt).
- Silicon Valley– A global IT hub (e.g., Bengaluru, California).
- BPO (Business Process Outsourcing)– Outsourcing business services to reduce costs.
Fill in the Blanks
- The conversion of raw materials into useful products is called manufacturing.
- TISCO (Tata Iron and Steel Company)was India’s first modern steel plant.
- Agro-based industriesuse agricultural products like cotton and sugarcane.
- Silicon Valleyin the USA is a major hub for IT industries.
- Amulis an example of a co-operative sector
- Jamshedpuris known for its iron and steel
- Ahmedabadis called the Manchester of India due to its cotton mills.
- Public sector industriesare owned by the government (e.g., SAIL).
- Consumer goods industriesproduce items like soap and televisions.
- Bengaluruis known as the Silicon Valley of India.
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
- Which industry is called the “backbone of modern civilization”?
a) Textile
b) Iron and steel
c) IT
d) Cement - Which city is known as India’s Manchester?
a) Mumbai
b) Ahmedabad
c) Chennai
d) Kolkata - What is the main raw material for the paper industry?
a) Cotton
b) Wood pulp
c) Iron ore
d) Limestone - Which sector does Amul belong to?
a) Public
b) Private
c) Co-operative
d) Joint - Which factor does NOT influence industry location?
a) Raw materials
b) Labour
c) Language
d) Transport - Which industry is mineral-based?
a) Sugar
b) Cement
c) Cotton textile
d) Leather - Where is Silicon Valley located?
a) India
b) USA
c) Japan
d) Germany - Which Indian city is a major IT hub?
a) Delhi
b) Bengaluru
c) Kolkata
d) Jaipur - What does BPO stand for?
a) Business Product Outsourcing
b) Business Process Outsourcing
c) Bureau of Public Operations
d) None of these - Which is a forest-based industry?
a) Sugar
b) Paper
c) Steel
d) Petrochemicals
True/False Questions
- Cottage industries use heavy machinery.(False)
- TISCO is a private sector industry.(True)
- Agro-based industries use minerals as raw materials.(False)
- Bengaluru is called the Silicon Valley of India.(True)
- Public sector industries are owned by private companies.(False)
- Ahmedabad is a major steel-producing center.(False – Cotton textiles)
- BPO reduces business costs by outsourcing services.(True)
- Jamshedpur was named after Jamshedji Tata.(True)
- Consumer goods industries produce raw materials for other industries.(False)
- Co-operative industries are managed by the government.(False – By societies)
Competency-Based Questions
- Why is the iron and steel industry called a “basic industry”?
Answer: It provides raw materials for machinery, construction, and other industries. - Compare agro-based and mineral-based industries.
Answer: Agro-based uses crops e.g., cotton, while mineral-based uses ores e.g., iron. - How does IT industry boost India’s economy?
Answer: Generates employment, exports software services, and attracts foreign investment. - Why are industries clustered in regions like Mumbai-Pune?
Answer: Availability of raw materials, transport, labour, and market proximity. - What are the advantages of co-operative sector industries?
Answer: Collective ownership, profit-sharing, and support for local producers.
High Order Thinking Skill HOTS Questions
- How does the location of raw materials affect industrial growth?
Answer: Reduces transport costs, ensures steady supply, and increases profitability. - Why is Bengaluru suitable for IT industries?
Answer: Skilled workforce, infrastructure, pleasant climate, and global connectivity. - What challenges do small-scale industries face compared to large-scale ones?
Answer: Limited capital, outdated technology, and competition from MNCs. - How can industries reduce environmental pollution?
Answer: Waste recycling, using cleaner energy, and following emission norms. - Why is the cotton textile industry shifting to synthetic fibers?
Answer: Lower cost, durability, and changing fashion trends.
Short Answer Questions
- Name two agro-based and two mineral-based industries.
Answer: Agro – Sugar, Cotton; Mineral – Cement, Steel. - What is the significance of the co-operative sector?
Answer: Empowers local producers, ensures fair wages, e.g., Amul. - Why is Jamshedpur an ideal location for steel plants?
Answer: Proximity to coal, iron ore, rivers, and transport networks. - List two advantages of the IT industry.
Answer: High employment, foreign exchange earnings. - What are the raw materials used in the paper industry?
Answer: Wood pulp, bamboo, recycled paper.
Long Answer Questions
- Explain the classification of industries based on ownership.
Answer: Public, Private, Joint, Co-operative sectors with examples. - Describe the factors influencing industrial location.
Answer: Raw materials, labour, transport, market, government policies. - Compare the textile industries of Ahmedabad and Osaka.
Answer: Ahmedabad – Local cotton, domestic market; Osaka – Imported cotton, global exports. - Discuss the growth of IT industry in India.
Answer: Rise of Bengaluru, skilled workforce, global outsourcing hub. - Why is industrial development crucial for a country’s economy?
Answer: Job creation, GDP growth, infrastructure development, and exports.