Keywords To Remember
- Population
The total number of people living in a particular area or country. - Human Resources
The people who make up the workforce of an organization or region and contribute to its economic development. - Population Density
The number of people living per unit area, usually per square kilometer. - Population Distribution
The pattern of where people live across a region or the world. - Demography
The statistical study of human populations, including their size, growth, density, and distribution. - Birth Rate
The number of live births per 1,000 people in a year. - Death Rate
The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a year. - Life Expectancy
The average number of years a person is expected to live at birth. - Literacy Rate
The percentage of people who can read and write in a population. - Sex Ratio
The number of females per 1,000 males in a population. - Migration
The movement of people from one place to another for permanent or temporary settlement. - Immigration
Moving into a country or region from another country. - Emigration
Moving out of a country or region to settle in another country. - Age Composition
The distribution of people in different age groups within a population. - Working Population
People between the ages of 15 and 59 who are considered fit for work. - Dependent Population
People who are too young (below 15) or too old (above 60) to work and depend on the working population. - Occupational Structure
The distribution of the population according to different types of economic activities (primary, secondary, tertiary). - Primary Activities
Economic activities related to natural resources, such as farming, fishing, and mining. - Secondary Activities
Economic activities related to manufacturing and industry. - Tertiary Activities
Economic activities related to services like education, healthcare, banking, and transportation. - Population Growth
The increase in the number of individuals in a population. - Overpopulation
A situation where the number of people exceeds the carrying capacity of the environment. - Underpopulation
A situation where there are not enough people to make full use of resources and infrastructure. - Natural Growth Rate
The difference between the birth rate and the death rate. - Standard of Living
The degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community. - Urbanization
The process by which more people move to cities and towns from rural areas. - Rural Population
The population living in villages or countryside areas. - Census
The official counting and collection of information about the population of a country. - Skilled Labour
Workers who have specialized training or education. - Unskilled Labour
Workers without special training or education. - Human Development Index (HDI)
A composite index measuring average achievement in key dimensions of human development: life expectancy, education, and per capita income. - Health Facilities
Services and institutions that provide medical care and promote public health. - Educational Facilities
Institutions like schools, colleges, and training centers that provide learning opportunities. - Gender Equality
Equal rights and opportunities for both men and women in all spheres of life. - Infant Mortality Rate
The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births in a year.
Something to Know
Tick (✔️) the correct option.
- Which one of the following is not an area of sparse population?
(a) The Sahara
(b) The Equatorial Forests
(c) The Ganga Valley
(d) The Polar Regions
Answer – (c) The Ganga Valley
Explanation: The Ganga Valley is a densely populated area due to fertile land and availability of water, unlike deserts or polar regions.
- Out of every 100 people in the world-
- a) 60 people live in Asia.
(b) 16 people live in Africa.
(c) 10 people live in Europe.
(d) 20 people live in Americas.
Answer – (b) 16 people live in Africa
Explanation: Around 16% of the world’s population resides in Africa.
- Which one of the following is false?
(a) It took just about 111 years for the world population to rise from 1.5 billion to 7 billion.
(b) The growth rate of population increases when the birth rate is more than the death rate.
(c) India is the seventh largest country in the world in terms of area and ranks second in terms of population.
(d) The total population of USA is bigger than the combined population of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Answer – (d) The total population of USA is bigger than the combined population of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Explanation: This is false. India alone has more population than the USA, and when combined with Pakistan and Bangladesh, it far exceeds.
- Which one of the following states has the highest density of population in India?
(a) Bihar
(b) West Bengal
(c) Kerala
(d) Uttar Pradesh
Answer – (a) Bihar
Explanation: Bihar has the highest population density among Indian states as per the latest census.
- Which one of the following age-groups represents the productive population group of the population?
(a) 15 to 59 years
(b) above 59 years
(c) below 15 years
(d) 15 to 66 years
Answer – (a) 15 to 59 years
Explanation: This age group is considered economically active and productive.
B. Fill in the blanks.
- India ranks __________ in population next to China, in the world.
Answer – second
- Number of children below 15 years and adults above 59 years is defined as __________ population.
Answer – dependent
- The growth of population is affected by its __________, __________ and migration.
Answer – birth rate, death rate
- The important attributes of population composition are __________, age structure and __________ .
Answer – sex ratio, literacy rate
- In India, almost half of the population resides in five states of India, i.e. Uttar Pradesh, __________, __________, __________ and Madhya Pradesh.
Answer – Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal
C. Write True or False for the following statements.
- The total population of the world has crossed 10 billion mark in the year 2011.
Answer – False
(Explanation: In 2011, the world population crossed 7 billion, not 10 billion.)
- The sex-ratio of India in 2011 was 943.
Answer – rue
(Explanation: According to Census 2011, India’s sex ratio was 943 females per 1000 males.)
- The density of population is the number of persons per square kilometre of an area.
Answer – True
- The natural growth rate of population is the difference between the birth rate and
the death rate.
Answer – True
- Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in industries, agriculture and means of transport.
Answer – False
(Explanation: Population becomes human capital when investment is made in education, health care, and skill development—not just in industries and infrastructure.)
D. Answer the following questions in brief.
- What is meant by the growth rate of population?
Answer – The growth rate of population refers to the change in the number of people in a population over a specific period of time. It is usually expressed as a percentage and is influenced by birth rate, death rate, and migration.
- What are the three important attributes of population composition?
Answer – The three important attributes of population composition are:
Sex ratio
Age structure
Literacy level
- What makes the human beings the most valuable resource?
Answer – Human beings are the most valuable resource because they have intelligence, skill, and the ability to create, innovate, and use natural resources efficiently for the development of society and economy.
- Which regions of the world have high concentration of population and why?
Answer – Regions like the Ganga-Brahmaputra plains, Eastern China, Europe, and Southeast Asia have high population concentration due to fertile soil, availability of water, favorable climate, and development of agriculture and industries.
- Highlight the characteristics of the sparsely population regions of the world.
Answer – Sparsely populated regions like deserts, mountains, polar areas, and dense forests have extreme climates, poor soil fertility, difficult terrain, and lack of infrastructure, which make human habitation and development difficult.
E. Answer the following questions.
- Explain relief and climate as factors affecting the distribution of population.
Answer – Relief refers to the physical features of the land such as mountains, plains, and plateaus. People prefer to live in plains because they are flat, fertile, and suitable for agriculture, transport, and settlements. Mountainous and hilly areas have rugged terrain, making agriculture and transport difficult, resulting in sparse population.
Climate plays a vital role in population distribution. Areas with moderate climate, adequate rainfall, and comfortable temperatures are densely populated (e.g., the Ganga Plains). On the other hand, extreme climates, such as very hot deserts, cold polar regions, or high-rainfall equatorial forests, discourage dense human settlement.
- How do minerals and industries affect the distribution of population? Explain.
Answer – Minerals attract people because they provide raw materials for industries and employment opportunities. Areas rich in minerals like coal, iron, and petroleum tend to have dense populations due to the development of mining and associated industries.
Industries provide employment, better infrastructure, and improved standard of living. Industrial areas like Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata have high population density because people migrate there in search of jobs and better livelihoods.
- What is meant by literacy rate? Why is it considered an important indicator in population composition?
Answer – Literacy rate is the percentage of people above a certain age (usually 7 years and above in India) who can read and write with understanding in any language.
It is considered an important indicator because it reflects the educational level of the population. A higher literacy rate indicates a better skilled and knowledgeable workforce, which contributes more effectively to economic development and nation-building. It also impacts health, productivity, and civic responsibility.
- Define sex-ratio. What are the reasons for the declining sex-ratio in India?
Answer – Sex-ratio is the number of females per 1000 males in a population.
In India, the sex-ratio has been declining due to several reasons such as:
Female foeticide and infanticide
Discrimination against girl children in terms of nutrition, education, and healthcare
Cultural preference for sons in many communities
Neglect of women’s health and safety
- Which states of India have high density of population and why? Suggest ways and means to check it.
Answer – States like Bihar, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, and Kerala have high population density due to:
Fertile plains
Availability of water
Favourable climate
Development of agriculture and trade
Urbanisation and industrialisation (in some areas)
Ways to check high population density include:
Promoting family planning and awareness programs
Improving education, especially of women
Creating job opportunities in rural areas to reduce migration
Developing infrastructure in less populated areas to balance distribution
Value Based Question
The main goal of ‘Ski 11 India Programme’ is to create opportunities, space and scope for the development of the talents of Indian youth. The emphasis is to equip the youth in such a way so that they get employment and also improve entrepreneurship. The idea is to raise confidence, improve productivity and give direction through development of skills right at the school level.
India is one of the few countries all across the world where working age population will be very high due to high growth rate of population in the coming years. It is time to open up avenues for job creation and social security schemes in the Indian economy.
(1) Give any three arguments to support the idea of introducing programmes for the development of skills, right at the school level.
Answer – Early Exposure and Career Readiness – Skill development at the school level helps students identify their strengths and interests early, making them better prepared for future careers and reducing dependency on higher education alone for employment.
Boost to Employment and Entrepreneurship – Equipping students with practical skills (like IT, communication, carpentry, coding, etc.) opens up multiple employment and self-employment opportunities, especially in rural and semi-urban areas.
Increased Confidence and Productivity – Skill-based education enhances confidence, responsibility, and productivity among youth, making them more self-reliant and reducing unemployment pressure on the economy.
(2) What more new ways can be linked to a better human resource development?
Answer – ocational education integration in the school curriculum from middle school onward.
Public-private partnerships to provide real-world industrial training and internships.
Digital learning platforms to make skill-based courses accessible to all, including remote areas.
Lifelong learning initiatives for upskilling and reskilling at all ages.
Career counseling and mentoring programs in schools to guide students in choosing suitable skill paths.
Incentives for skill-based education, such as scholarships and job placements, to attract more students.
(Map Skill)
- On an outline political map of the world, show two areas each having—
(a) Sparse population
Answer – The Sahara Desert (Northern Africa)
The Polar Regions (e.g., Antarctica / Northern Canada / Greenland)
(b) High population
Answer – The Ganga River Valley (Northern India, including Uttar Pradesh and Bihar)
Eastern China (including the plains around the Yangtze River)
- Based on the map ‘India: Density of Population’ (given on page 84), identify the following states and show them on an outline political map of India.
(a) The State having the lowest density of population.
(b) The State having the highest density of population.
(c) The State having the second highest density of population.
(d) The State having the lowest density of population among the North-Eastern States.
(e) The State having the density of population as 550.
Answer – (a) The State having the lowest density of population:
Arunachal Pradesh
(b) The State having the highest density of population:
Bihar
(c) The State having the second highest density of population:
West Bengal
(d) The State having the lowest density of population among the North-Eastern States:
Arunachal Pradesh
(e) The State having the density of population as 550:
Uttar Pradesh
Something To Do
- Collect information regarding the composition of family of your six classmates. Represent it in a tabular form. Different parameters of population should be arranged as shown below. Draw your conclusion on each parameter.
Answer – Students will do this at their own under the guidance of Social Science
Classmate Name | Family Size | Number of Adults (Above 18) | Number of Children (Below 18) | Gender Ratio (M/F) | Occupation of Head of Family | Type of Family (Nuclear/Joint) |
Student 1 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 2:3 | Farmer | Joint |
Student 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1:1 | Teacher | Nuclear |
Student 3 | 6 | 3 | 3 | 3:3 | Doctor | Joint |
Student 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 1:2 | Engineer | Nuclear |
Student 5 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 4:3 | Businessman | Joint |
Student 6 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 3:2 | Government Employee | Nuclear |
Additional Questions and Answers – 01
Fill in the Blanks Questions and Answers:
- The __________ rate refers to the number of live births per thousand people in a given year.
Answer: Birth - __________ is the total number of people living in a given area, usually expressed as per square kilometre.
Answer: Population density - The population of a country grows when the __________ rate exceeds the __________ rate.
Answer: Birth, death - In India, the sex-ratio for every 1000 males, there are __________ females as per the 2011 census.
Answer: 940 - __________ are the people in a society who are available for work, typically aged between 15 and 59 years.
Answer: Working age population - The distribution of population in a region is greatly influenced by __________, __________, and __________.
Answer: Geography, climate, resources - The __________ of population refers to the number of people in a country or region, categorized by age groups.
Answer: Age structure
MCQs:
- Which of the following factors influences population distribution?
- (a) Climate
- (b) Economic activity
- (c) Social factors
- (d) All of the above
Answer: (d) All of the above
- The highest population density in India is found in:
- (a) Uttar Pradesh
- (b) West Bengal
- (c) Bihar
- (d) Kerala
Answer: (a) Uttar Pradesh
- Which of the following is not an attribute of population composition?
- (a) Age structure
- (b) Gender ratio
- (c) Food production
- (d) Literacy rate
Answer: (c) Food production
- The population of the world is expected to cross __________ billion by the year 2030.
- (a) 8
- (b) 9
- (c) 10
- (d) 11
Answer: (b) 9
- Which of the following regions has the highest population density?
- (a) Australia
- (b) North America
- (c) Europe
- (d) South Asia
Answer: (d) South Asia
True/False:
- The world population growth rate has been consistent throughout history.
Answer: False - Migration does not affect the population size of a region.
Answer: False - The population of a country is always influenced by the birth rate and death rate.
Answer: True - The literacy rate is an important demographic indicator.
Answer: True - The population density is higher in the desert regions of the world.
Answer: False
Competency-Based Questions and Answers:
- Question: Suppose there is an area with a high literacy rate and low birth rate. How would you explain the population trends in that area?
Answer: A high literacy rate often leads to lower birth rates due to better awareness of family planning and women’s empowerment. In such areas, population growth may be slower compared to regions with lower literacy rates. - Question: If you were to analyze the population distribution of India, how would you classify states with higher population densities versus those with lower densities?
Answer: States like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have higher population densities due to favorable climatic conditions, fertile soil, and historical urbanization. In contrast, states with harsher climates like Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh have lower population densities.
High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions and Answers:
- Question: How would you predict the challenges of a country with an aging population and a declining birth rate? What measures could the country take to address this issue?
Answer: A country with an aging population and declining birth rate would face challenges such as a shrinking workforce, increased healthcare costs, and economic stagnation. The country could encourage higher birth rates through family-friendly policies, immigration, and automation in industries to reduce the burden on the workforce. - Question: In a region with both high population density and scarce resources, how would you propose managing the population to avoid environmental degradation?
Answer: Managing population in such regions would require sustainable resource management, including the use of renewable energy, conservation efforts, and improved agricultural practices. Policies encouraging urbanization, better healthcare, and population control programs can also help balance the population with available resources.
Short Answer:
- Question: What is meant by ‘population density’?
Answer: Population density refers to the number of people living per square kilometer in a given area, which indicates how crowded or sparsely populated a region is. - Question: What factors influence the distribution of population?
Answer: Population distribution is influenced by factors such as climate, geography, availability of resources, economic opportunities, and political stability.
Long Answer:
- Question: Explain the various factors that influence the population distribution across the world.
Answer: Population distribution across the world is influenced by a combination of natural, social, and economic factors. Natural factors include climate, relief, and availability of resources like water and fertile soil. Social factors such as culture, traditions, and education also play a role in population distribution. Economic factors, such as job opportunities and industrial development, attract people to certain areas. Political stability and governance are also important, as areas with better governance tend to have more balanced population distribution. - Question: Discuss the consequences of rapid population growth on resources and development.
Answer: Rapid population growth can lead to several negative consequences, such as overuse of natural resources, environmental degradation, and increased demand for food, water, and energy. It can strain healthcare, education, and social services, leading to inadequate infrastructure. Economic development can be hindered as resources get diverted to meeting basic needs instead of investing in technology and innovation. To manage these issues, policies promoting family planning, sustainable development, and resource conservation are crucial.
Additional Questions and Answer – 02
Fill in the Blanks Questions and Answers
- The process of enlarging people’s choices is defined as ________ by the UNDP in 1990.
Answer: Human Development - The department in the Indian Government responsible for education is called ________.
Answer: HRD (Human Resource Development) - The world’s population crossed the ________ billion mark in 2011.
Answer: Seven - The most populous country in the world is ________.
Answer: China - The density of population is measured as the number of persons per ________ of an area.
Answer: Square kilometre - The first complete census in India was conducted in the year ________.
Answer: 1881 - The state with the highest population density in India is ________.
Answer: Bihar - The state with the lowest population density in India is ________.
Answer: Arunachal Pradesh - The sex-ratio in India in 2011 was ________ females per thousand males.
Answer: 943 - The literacy rate is the percentage of people who can ________ and ________ in a country.
Answer: Read, Write
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) and Answers
- Which continent has the highest percentage of the world’s population?
a) Africa
b) Asia
c) Europe
d) America
Answer: b) Asia - What is the average global population density, excluding Antarctica?
a) 47 persons per sq. km
b) 50 persons per sq. km
c) 7263 persons per sq. km
d) 1019.8 persons per sq. km
Answer: b) 50 persons per sq. km - Which Indian state has the highest population density?
a) Uttar Pradesh
b) Bihar
c) West Bengal
d) Kerala
Answer: b) Bihar - Which factor does NOT affect population distribution?
a) Climate
b) Soil fertility
c) Political unrest
d) Internet speed
Answer: d) Internet speed - What is the sex-ratio of India as per the 2011 census?
a) 972 females per 1000 males
b) 943 females per 1000 males
c) 1084 females per 1000 males
d) 879 females per 1000 males
Answer: b) 943 females per 1000 males - Which region has a population density of less than 1 person per sq. km?
a) Singapore
b) Bangladesh
c) Antarctic region
d) Western Europe
Answer: c) Antarctic region - Which of the following is a physical factor affecting population distribution?
a) Industries
b) Relief
c) Transport network
d) Government policies
Answer: b) Relief - The growth rate of population is affected by:
a) Birth rate and death rate
b) Literacy rate
c) Urbanization
d) Vegetation
Answer: a) Birth rate and death rate - Which state has the highest sex-ratio in India as per the 2011 census?
a) Haryana
b) Kerala
c) Uttar Pradesh
d) Bihar
Answer: b) Kerala - The population pyramid of Japan is narrow at the bottom due to:
a) High birth rates
b) Low birth rates
c) High death rates
d) Large-scale migration
Answer: b) Low birth rates
True/False Questions and Answers
- Human beings are considered the most valuable resource due to their intelligence and creative skills.
Answer: True - The population distribution across the world is evenly spread.
Answer: False - India conducted its first census in 1881.
Answer: True - Uttar Pradesh is the least populous state in India.
Answer: False - The sex-ratio in India has increased from 1901 to 2011.
Answer: False - Areas with fertile soil and adequate water supply tend to have a high concentration of population.
Answer: True - The growth rate of population can be negative if the death rate exceeds the birth rate.
Answer: True - The literacy rate is higher in rural areas than in urban areas.
Answer: False - The presence of minerals like coal and iron ore does not affect population distribution.
Answer: False - Population pyramids can help study the age structure and sex-ratio of a country.
Answer: True
Competency-Based Questions and Answers
- Question: A government official is tasked with improving human development in a region with low literacy rates and poor healthcare. Based on the importance of human resources, suggest two initiatives the official could implement to enhance the region’s development.
Answer: The official could implement:- Universal Education Programs: Establish free primary and secondary schools with trained teachers and resources to improve literacy rates, as education empowers individuals to contribute to society.
- Healthcare Infrastructure Development: Build accessible healthcare centers with trained medical staff and affordable services to improve health outcomes, enabling a productive workforce.
- Question: A city planner notices that a region with fertile soil and good water supply is overcrowded. Propose a strategy to manage the high population density while maintaining quality of life.
Answer: The planner could promote decentralized urban development by:- Creating satellite towns with adequate infrastructure (schools, hospitals, and transport) to divert population from the overcrowded region.
- Encouraging sustainable agricultural practices to maintain soil fertility and support the population without overexploiting resources.
- Question: A student observes that their state has a low sex-ratio. Suggest two community-based actions to address this issue.
Answer: The community could:- Launch awareness campaigns to educate people about the importance of gender equality and the consequences of female foeticide.
- Provide incentives, such as scholarships for girls and financial support for families with daughters, to promote the value of female children.
- Question: An NGO is working in a sparsely populated desert region. Identify one challenge they might face and propose a solution.
Answer: Challenge: Limited water resources restrict population growth and development.
Solution: Implement rainwater harvesting systems and promote drought-resistant crops to improve water availability and support sustainable livelihoods.
High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) Questions and Answers
- Question: Analyze why India’s population density varies significantly across states, using both physical and economic factors.
Answer: India’s population density varies due to a combination of physical and economic factors. Physically, states like Bihar and West Bengal have high densities (1102 and 1029 persons per sq. km) due to fertile soils in river valleys, favorable monsoon climates, and flat terrain conducive to agriculture and settlement. Conversely, states like Arunachal Pradesh (17 persons per sq. km) have low density due to rugged terrain, dense forests, and harsh climates. Economically, industrialized states like Maharashtra attract populations due to employment opportunities in urban centers like Mumbai. In contrast, regions with poor infrastructure, like parts of Rajasthan, have lower densities due to limited economic prospects. These factors collectively shape uneven population distribution. - Question: Evaluate the impact of a declining sex-ratio on India’s socio-economic development.
Answer: A declining sex-ratio, such as India’s 943 females per 1000 males in 2011, has significant socio-economic consequences. Socially, it perpetuates gender inequality, reinforcing patriarchal norms and increasing crimes against women due to skewed demographics. Economically, it reduces the female workforce, limiting contributions to GDP and innovation, as women’s education and empowerment are critical for development. Additionally, a lower sex-ratio strains marriage markets, potentially increasing social unrest. Addressing this through policies promoting gender equality and preventing female foeticide is essential for balanced development. - Question: Predict the long-term consequences of India’s rapid population growth if current trends continue, and suggest a mitigation strategy.
Answer: If India’s population growth continues at its current rate, it could double in 36 years, leading to overexploitation of resources, increased poverty, and strained infrastructure (e.g., healthcare, education, and transport). Urban overcrowding and environmental degradation would intensify, exacerbating climate challenges. A mitigation strategy could involve promoting family planning through education and access to contraceptives, coupled with incentives for smaller families, to stabilize population growth while enhancing human capital development. - Question: Compare the population pyramids of India and Japan and explain how they reflect their respective demographic challenges.
Answer: India’s population pyramid is broad at the base due to high birth rates, indicating a young, growing population with challenges like providing education and jobs for a large youth cohort. Japan’s pyramid is narrow at the base due to low birth rates and wide at the top, reflecting an aging population with challenges like a shrinking workforce and increased healthcare costs for the elderly. India must invest in youth development, while Japan needs policies to support its aging population and encourage higher birth rates.
Short Questions and Answers
- Question: What is human development according to UNDP?
Answer: Human development is the process of enlarging people’s choices, as defined by UNDP in 1990. - Question: Which Indian state has the lowest population density?
Answer: Arunachal Pradesh (17 persons per sq. km). - Question: Name one physical factor affecting population distribution.
Answer: Climate. - Question: What is the sex-ratio of India in 2011?
Answer: 943 females per 1000 males. - Question: Define population density.
Answer: Population density is the number of persons living per square kilometre of an area. - Question: What is the literacy rate?
Answer: The percentage of people who can read and write in a country. - Question: Name one economic factor influencing population distribution.
Answer: Availability of minerals. - Question: What is the growth rate of population?
Answer: The net change in population between two periods, expressed as a percentage. - Question: Which state has the highest sex-ratio in India?
Answer: Kerala (1084 females per 1000 males). - Question: Why are plains densely populated?
Answer: Plains have fertile soil, navigable rivers, and good transportation facilities.
Long Questions and Answers
- Question: Explain the factors affecting the distribution of population, distinguishing between physical and economic factors, with examples.
Answer: The distribution of population is influenced by physical and economic factors that collectively determine where people settle.
Physical Factors:
- Relief: Flat plains, like the Ganges valley in India, support agriculture and transportation, attracting dense populations, while rugged terrains like the Himalayas are sparsely populated.
- Climate: Moderate climates, such as India’s monsoon regions, encourage settlement, whereas extreme climates like the Sahara desert deter habitation.
- Soil and Water: Fertile soils and adequate water, as in the Nile valley, support agriculture, leading to high population density, unlike deserts with scarce water.
- Vegetation: Dense equatorial forests are less accessible, reducing population, while monsoon forests are more habitable.
Economic Factors:
- Minerals: Areas rich in coal, iron, or petroleum, like Jharkhand or Saudi Arabia, attract industrial settlements and migrant workers.
- Industries: Industrial hubs like Western Europe or Maharashtra draw populations due