Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles of State Policy, We and Our World – A Book On Social Sciences, Class VIII, DAV Board DAVCMC, The Best Solutions.

Keywords To Remember

  1. Fundamental Rights

Definition – Basic human rights guaranteed to all citizens under the Constitution of India, ensuring equality, freedom, protection against exploitation, and access to education and justice.

  1. Right to Equality

Definition – A Fundamental Right that ensures no discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth, and guarantees equal opportunity in public employment.

  1. Right to Freedom

Definition – A Fundamental Right that includes the freedoms of speech, assembly, movement, profession, and residence, along with protection from arbitrary arrest and detention.

  1. Right to Freedom of Religion

Definition – A Fundamental Right that allows every individual to practice, propagate, and profess their religion freely, without state interference.

  1. Right Against Exploitation

Definition – A Fundamental Right that prohibits human trafficking, forced labor, and the employment of children below 14 years in hazardous work environments.

  1. Cultural and Educational Rights

Definition – Rights that ensure the protection of cultural and educational freedoms for minorities and guarantee the preservation of their language, culture, and heritage.

  1. Right to Constitutional Remedies

Definition – The right of citizens to approach the Supreme Court or High Courts for the protection and enforcement of their Fundamental Rights, through writ petitions.

  1. Fundamental Duties

Definition – Moral obligations of citizens, added to the Constitution in 1976, to help promote national unity, protect the environment, and respect the Constitution and national symbols.

  1. Directive Principles of State Policy

Definition – Guidelines provided to the government to guide policies aimed at achieving social, economic, and cultural goals, ensuring a welfare state in India.

  1. Secularism

Definition – The principle that the government does not favor any religion and treats all religions equally, allowing citizens to freely practice their religion without state interference.

  1. Equality Before Law

Definition – The principle that all individuals, regardless of their background, are subject to the same laws and will be treated equally by the legal system.

  1. Abolition of Untouchability

Definition – The elimination of the caste-based discrimination system known as untouchability, which was once legally sanctioned, now prohibited under the Right to Equality.

  1. Right to Privacy

Definition – The right to personal privacy, recognized by the Supreme Court of India as a Fundamental Right, which protects individuals from arbitrary surveillance and intrusion.

  1. Habeas Corpus

Definition – A writ issued by a court to produce an individual who is being unlawfully detained before it, to determine if the detention is legal.

  1. Mandamus

Definition – A writ issued by a court commanding a public authority to perform a duty that it has failed to carry out.

  1. Prohibition

Definition – A writ issued by a higher court to a lower court, directing it to stop proceedings in a case that falls outside its jurisdiction.

  1. Quo Warranto

Definition – A writ issued to prevent someone from acting in a public office to which they are not entitled.

  1. Certiorari

Definition – A writ issued by a higher court to review the records of a lower court to ensure the case was dealt with properly.

  1. Economic Principles

Definition – Principles that focus on economic equality, ensuring equal pay for equal work and providing adequate means of livelihood to all citizens.

  1. Social Principles

Definition – Principles aimed at improving public health and raising living standards, while protecting children from exploitation and moral degradation.

  1. Gandhian Principles

Definition – Principles inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, emphasizing village self-governance and promoting rural industries like cottage industries.

  1. International Peace and Security Principles

Definition – Principles that promote peaceful relations between nations and aim to foster international cooperation and security.

  1. Secular State

Definition – A state that does not have an official religion and treats all religions equally without providing special privileges to any particular religion.

  1. Non-Justiciable

Definition – Referring to laws or principles that are not enforceable in a court of law, such as the Directive Principles of State Policy.

  1. Justiciable

Definition – Referring to laws or rights that can be enforced and protected in a court of law, such as Fundamental Rights.

  1. Public Order

Definition – The maintenance of law and order within a society, ensuring that citizens can enjoy their rights without disturbing others’ rights or the community’s peace.

  1. Sovereignty

Definition – The supreme authority of a state to govern itself without external interference.

  1. Integrity

Definition – The state of being whole or undivided, particularly in terms of national unity and security.

  1. Morality

Definition – Principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong, which help in determining the limits of individual freedoms for the greater good.

  1. Fraternity

Definition – The principle of brotherhood and unity, ensuring mutual respect and equality among all citizens of the country.

  1. Constitutional Ideals

Definition – The core principles and values embedded in the Constitution of India, including justice, equality, liberty, and fraternity.

  1. Minority Rights

Definition – Rights given to minority groups to protect their cultural, linguistic, and religious identities, and ensure their participation in societal matters.

  1. Compulsory Education

Definition – The requirement that children between the ages of 6 and 14 years are provided with free and compulsory education, a Fundamental Right under the Constitution.

  1. Environmental Protection

Definition – The duty of citizens and the state to preserve and protect the environment, including forests, rivers, and wildlife, as outlined in the Directive Principles.

  1. Public Property

Definition – Assets or resources that belong to the government or the people, such as parks, roads, and institutions, and are protected from damage or misuse by citizens.

Something to Know

Tick () the correct option.

  1. The Fundamental Right that came into existence in 2002 is the—

(a) Right to Equality

(b) Right to Education

(c) Cultural and Educational Rights

(d) Right to Freedom of Religion

Answer – (b) Right to Education

(Explanation: The Right to Education was added as a Fundamental Right under Article 21A by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act in 2002.)

  1. Writs can be issued by—

(a) a District Court

(b) a Gram Panchayat

(c) a Civil Court

(d) a High Court

Answer – (d) a High Court

(Explanation: Writs for enforcement of Fundamental Rights can be issued by the Supreme Court and High Courts under Articles 32 and 226 respectively.)

  1. Which of the following statements regarding the Fundamental Rights is incorrect?

(a) They are granted to all citizens of India.

(b) One can move to any court of law in case of violation of Fundamentals Rights.

(c) They are not absolute.

(d) They are justiciable.

Answer – (b) One can move to any court of law in case of violation of Fundamentals Rights.

(Explanation: In case of violation of Fundamental Rights, one can directly approach the Supreme Court or High Courts, not any court of law.)

  1. Identify the Directive Principle based on the Gandhian philosophy.

(a) Equal pay for equal work for both men and women.

(b) To organise village panchayats.

(c) To promote heavy industries.

(d) To promote international peace.

Answer – (b) To organise village panchayats.

(Explanation: Establishment of village panchayats is inspired by Gandhi’s vision of rural self-governance.)

  1. Which one of the following promotes secularism?

(a) National Commission for the welfare of the women.

(b) Environment Protection Act.

(c) Right to Education.

(d) Communal harmony.

Answer – (d) Communal harmony.

(Explanation: Communal harmony reflects peaceful coexistence among different religious communities, a key element of secularism.)

 

 

B. Fill in the blanks.

1 The ____________ guarantees the Fundamental Rights to all the citizens of India.

Answer – Constitution

  1. Right to work has been implemented for the rural unemployed under ____________.

Answer – MGNREGA (Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act)

  1. The practice of ____________has been abolished to pave the way for social equality.

Answer – untouchability

  1. Sikhs are allowed to keep a kirpan with them as a ____________symbol.

Answer – religious

  1. Freedom of ____________does not mean that there is no check at all on your religious activities.

Answer – religion

 

 

C. Match the following.

  1. Secularism (a) non-justiciable
  2. Abolition of Untouchability (b) the writ
  3. Fundamental Duties (c) promotes harmony
  4. Quo Warranto (d) 42nd Amendment
  5. Directive Principles of State Policy (e) Right to Equality

Answer –

 

Column A

Column B

Correct Match

1. Secularism

(c) promotes harmony

1 – (c)

2. Abolition of Untouchability

(e) Right to Equality

2 – (e)

3. Fundamental Duties

(d) 42nd Amendment

3 – (d)

4. Quo Warranto

(b) the writ

4 – (b)

5. Directive Principles of State Policy

(a) non-justiciable

5 – (a)

 

 

 



D. Answer the following questions in brief.

  1. Explain the significance of the Fundamental Rights in our day to day life.

Answer – Protection of Individual Dignity: Fundamental Rights ensure that every individual is treated with dignity, regardless of caste, religion, or gender.

Safeguard Against Arbitrary Action: These rights prevent the misuse of power by the government or other authorities—for example, protecting freedom of speech, right to privacy, and personal liberty.

Foundation for a Democratic Society: They empower citizens to seek justice through courts if their rights are violated, ensuring accountability and reinforcing the rule of law.

Enhancement of Personal Freedom: By providing rights such as freedom of expression and right to education, they help individuals reach their potential and contribute to a vibrant, progressive society.

  1. Explain the Right to Freedom of Religion.

Answer – Freedom of Conscience and Practice: This right allows every citizen to profess, practice, and propagate the religion of their choice without fear of persecution.

Autonomy of Religious Institutions: It guarantees that religious institutions have the freedom to manage their internal affairs, ensuring that they can operate independently.

Neutrality of the State: The State is prohibited from favoring or discriminating against any religion, which is further reinforced by the fact that no taxes are collected for the promotion of any religious activity.

Promotion of Pluralism: By ensuring these freedoms, the right contributes to a secular society where diverse religious beliefs coexist harmoniously.

  1. ‘The Fundamental Rights are justiciable and are protected by the Court.’ In the light of the above statement, explain the Right to Constitutional Remedies.

Answer – Ensuring Enforcement Through Courts: The Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) allows citizens to approach the Supreme Court (and High Courts under Article 226) if any of their Fundamental Rights are violated.

Availability of Writs: The courts have the power to issue writs such as habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto, and certiorari to enforce these rights and remedy violations.

Judicial Oversight: This mechanism acts as a check on the executive and legislative branches, ensuring that the rights of citizens are upheld against arbitrary actions.

 

Empowerment of Citizens: It provides a legal avenue for individuals to secure justice and maintain the balance of power, reinforcing the principle that Fundamental Rights are not merely theoretical but have practical enforceability.

  1. Mention any three Directive Principles of State Policy that have been implemented.

Answer – Right to Education: Initially a Directive Principle, it was later made a Fundamental Right through the 86th Amendment in 2002, ensuring free and compulsory education for children aged 6-14.

Environmental Protection: Principles that call for the protection and improvement of the natural environment have influenced legislation like the Environment Protection Act and Wildlife Protection Acts.

Employment and Livelihood Programs: The Directive Principle aiming to provide adequate means of livelihood for all has been implemented through schemes like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MNREGA), which guarantees employment to rural workers.

  1. Why does the government sometimes make exceptions to help a particular religious community? Justify your answer with examples from recent times.

Answer – Protection of Minority Rights: The government makes exceptions to safeguard the cultural, educational, and economic interests of minority communities, which historically may have been marginalized.

Affirmative Action for Social Justice: Such measures are designed to level the playing field—for instance, providing special scholarships or reserved seats in educational institutions and government jobs.

Promoting Inclusive Growth: Exceptions are also aimed at preserving the cultural heritage and ensuring that the specific needs of a community are met; for example, special grants or schemes for the development of minority language schools or community-specific welfare programs.

Recent Examples:

Educational Initiatives: Recently, certain states have implemented scholarship programs targeting minority students to boost higher education enrollment.

Economic Upliftment Programs: Schemes designed to provide microcredit and entrepreneurship training have been targeted at minority communities to promote self-reliance and economic growth.

 

 

 

E. Answer the following questions.

  1. Explain the five provisions given under the ‘Right to Equality’.

Answer – The Right to Equality is enshrined in Articles 14 to 18 of the Indian Constitution. Its five main provisions are:

Equality Before Law (Article 14): Every individual is equal before the law, and no one is above the law.

Prohibition of Discrimination (Article 15): The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on the basis of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.

Equality of Opportunity (Article 16): All citizens shall have equal opportunities in matters of public employment.

Abolition of Untouchability (Article 17): Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is a punishable offence.

Abolition of Titles (Article 18): The State shall not confer any titles except military or academic distinctions to prevent the creation of an artificial hierarchy in society.

  1. ‘Our Fundamental Rights are not absolute or unilimited.’ Support the statement by giving any five suitable examples.

Answer – While Fundamental Rights are guaranteed, they are subject to reasonable restrictions for the welfare of society. Examples:

Freedom of Speech (Article 19): Cannot be used to incite violence, spread hate, or defame others.

Freedom of Movement: Can be restricted during an emergency or curfew for security reasons.

Right to Religion: Cannot be used to harm public order or violate the rights of others.

Right to Life (Article 21): Does not include the right to die or engage in illegal acts in the name of liberty.

Right to Assemble: Peaceful assembly is allowed, but with prior permission from authorities and not in a manner that threatens public peace.

  1. Classify Directive Principles of State Policy into four main categories. Explain each of them briefly.

Answer –  The Directive Principles are classified into four main categories:

Gandhian Principles: Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi’s vision, e.g., promotion of village panchayats, prohibition of intoxicating drinks, and improving the condition of weaker sections.

Socialistic Principles: Aim to establish a welfare state, e.g., right to work, education, equal pay for equal work, and protection of children and youth.

Liberal-Intellectual Principles: Focus on individual liberty, e.g., uniform civil code, separation of judiciary from the executive, and promotion of international peace.

Environmental and Economic Principles: Emphasize environmental protection and sustainable development, e.g., protection of environment, wildlife, and promotion of agriculture and cottage industries.

  1. Highlight the main provisions of the Right to Freedom.

Answer – he Right to Freedom is covered under Articles 19 to 22 and includes:

Freedom of Speech and Expression (Article 19): Citizens can express their views freely through any medium.

Freedom to Assemble Peacefully: Citizens can hold meetings and processions, subject to law and order.

Freedom to Form Associations or Unions: Citizens can form groups or unions for collective action.

Freedom to Move Freely Throughout India: No internal visa or restriction to travel across states.

Freedom to Reside and Settle in Any Part: Citizens can choose where to live and work within the country.

Freedom to Practice Any Profession or Trade: Ensures economic liberty with reasonable restrictions.

Protection in Respect of Conviction (Articles 20 & 21): No person shall be punished for the same offence twice, and personal liberty cannot be curtailed without due legal process.

Protection Against Arbitrary Arrest (Article 22): Provides safeguards in case of arrest and detention.

  1. Inspite of freedom of religion, why does communal tension persist in certain parts of the country some times? Suggest ways and means to establish communal harmony.

Answer – Reasons for Communal Tension:

Historical Divisions: Lingering mistrust from past conflicts like partition.

Political Provocation: Some leaders incite religious sentiments for vote banks.

Social Misunderstandings: Lack of awareness or misinterpretation of religious practices.

Economic Inequality: Competition for resources may lead to tensions among communities.

Misinformation and Rumors: Spread via social media and propaganda.

Suggestions to Establish Communal Harmony:

Promote Interfaith Dialogue: Encourage discussions and understanding among different religious groups.

Educational Reforms: Include moral education and value-based curriculum emphasizing unity and tolerance.

Strict Law Enforcement: Immediate action against hate speech, riots, and communal violence.

Media Responsibility: Responsible and unbiased reporting to avoid sensationalism.

Community Programs: Organize cultural festivals and events that promote unity and shared heritage.

 

 

 

 

 

Value Based Question

The Apex Court has made it compulsory for cinema theatres to play the National Anthem with the image of the National Flag prior to screening films. The audience should stand up to show respect. It is said that majority of the people have supported the directive of the Supreme Court as it is a Fundamental Duty also.

  1. In your opinion, how far does this directive instil values of nationalism among the Indians?

Answer – This directive by the Supreme Court helps instil values of nationalism, unity, and respect for national symbols among Indians. When people collectively stand to honor the National Anthem and the National Flag, it reinforces a shared sense of pride and belonging to the nation. It serves as a reminder of our responsibilities as citizens and encourages people to reflect on the sacrifices made for the country’s freedom. Moreover, it can be especially impactful for the youth, helping to cultivate patriotism and civic awareness from a young age.

  1. Suggest ways and means to tackle those who violate this directive.

Answer – To tackle violations of this directive, the following steps can be taken:

Awareness Campaigns: Educate people about the importance of respecting the National Anthem and Flag through schools, social media, and public service announcements.

Gentle Warnings and Counseling: First-time violators can be given polite warnings and sensitized about the significance of the practice.

Clear Guidelines: Authorities and cinema halls should display clear instructions before the film begins, explaining the expectations and legal obligations.

Community Involvement: Encourage peer accountability, where fellow citizens respectfully remind others of their duty.

Legal Action for Repeated Violations: In case of repeated or deliberate disrespect, appropriate legal steps can be taken under the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971.

 

 

(Map Skill)

On an outline political map of world, locate these countries—

(a) The country from where ideals of Justice, Liberty, Equality originated. — France

Answer – France

(b) The country having largest democracy.—India

Answer – India

(c) The country to give the concept of the Rajya Sabha. — USA

Answer – USA

(d) The country to give the concept of Directive Principles of State Policy. — Ireland

Answer – Ireland

(e) The country where the idea of Fundamental Duties originated. — Russia

Answer – Russia (formerly USSR)

 

 

 

 

 

Something To Do

  1. What would happen if there were no rules and regulations in the school? Make a list of duties to be followed by the students of your class.

Answer – If there were no rules and regulations in the school, it would lead to:

Indiscipline and chaos

Lack of learning and concentration

Unsafe environment for students

Disrespect towards teachers and peers

List of Duties for Students:

Attend school regularly and on time.

Show respect to teachers, classmates, and school staff.

Keep the school clean and use dustbins.

Complete homework and assignments honestly.

Maintain silence and discipline in classrooms.

Do not damage school property.

Help classmates in need.

Follow the school dress code.

Participate actively in school activities.

Uphold the school’s dignity through good behaviour.

  1. Collect reports and pictures from newspapers which show violation of the various Fundamental Rights. Against each picture, name the Fundamental Right in question. Suggest remedies to avoid recurrence of such incidents.

Answer –

Picture/Report Description

Violated Fundamental Right

Suggested Remedies

A report on child labour in factories

Right Against Exploitation

Strict enforcement of child labour laws

Protest being suppressed by police without cause

Right to Freedom of Speech & Expression

Ensure peaceful protests are allowed

A school denying admission to a child due to caste

Right to Equality

Penalize discriminatory institutions

Religious gathering being attacked

Right to Freedom of Religion

Ensure police protection for all communities

Slum dwellers evicted without notice

Right to Life and Personal Liberty

Ensure proper rehabilitation and legal notice

 

  1. ‘The right of one person depends upon the fulfilment of duty by another person.’ In the light of this statement, prepare a list of ten day to day rights and their corresponding duties from daily life.

Answer –

Right

Corresponding Duty

Right to Education

Duty to attend school and study sincerely

Right to Clean Environment

Duty to avoid littering and protect nature

Right to Safety on Roads

Duty to follow traffic rules and drive responsibly

Right to Freedom of Religion

Duty to respect other religions

Right to Be Heard (in family/school)

Duty to listen to others respectfully

Right to Use Public Property

Duty to not damage or misuse public facilities

Right to Equality

Duty to treat everyone fairly and without discrimination

Right to Privacy

Duty to respect others’ personal space and information

Right to Live in Peace

Duty to avoid violence and promote harmony

Right to Receive Respect

Duty to be respectful towards others

 

 

 

Additional Questions and Answers – 01

Fill in the blanks (with answers)

  1. The Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by the ___________ Amendment.

Answer – 42nd

  1. The Right to Constitutional Remedies is enshrined in Article ___________ of the Constitution.

Answer – 32

  1. Directive Principles of State Policy are ___________ in nature.

Answer – non-justiciable

  1. The ___________ is the highest guardian of the Fundamental Rights in India.

Answer – Supreme Court

  1. The right to form associations and unions is part of the ___________.

Answer – Right to Freedom

  1. The Constitution of India was adopted on ___________.

Answer – 26th November, 1949

  1. The total number of Fundamental Duties in the Constitution is ___________.

Answer – 11

  1. The right to follow any religion is given under Article ___________.

Answer – 25

  1. The Directive Principles are inspired by the Constitution of ___________.

Answer – Ireland

  1. The term ‘Secular’ was added to the Preamble by the ___________ Amendment.

Answer – 42nd

 

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

  1. Who is known as the guardian of the Indian Constitution?

   (a) President

   (b) Prime Minister

   (c) Supreme Court

   (d) Lok Sabha

Answer – (c) Supreme Court

  1. How many Fundamental Rights are there in the Indian Constitution at present?

   (a) 5

   (b) 6

   (c) 7

   (d) 8

Answer – (b) 6

  1. Which of the following is a Fundamental Duty?

   (a) Right to Vote

   (b) Paying Taxes

   (c) Respecting the National Flag

   (d) Right to Property

Answer – (c) Respecting the National Flag

  1. The term ‘Equality before law’ is borrowed from the constitution of:

   (a) USSR

   (b) USA

   (c) Britain

   (d) France

Answer – (c) Britain

  1. Right to Education is available to children between:

   (a) 5–10 years

   (b) 6–14 years

   (c) 10–18 years

   (d) 4–12 years

Answer – (b) 6–14 years

 

True / False

  1. Directive Principles are legally enforceable.

   False

  1. The Right to Property is no longer a Fundamental Right.

   True

  1. Citizens have a duty to promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood.

   True

  1. The Fundamental Rights can never be suspended.

   False

  1. The Indian Constitution does not provide any rights to minorities.

   False

 

Competency-Based Questions

  1. Question: A student from a minority community is denied admission despite available seats. Which Fundamental Right is being violated?

Answer – Right to Equality and Cultural and Educational Rights.

  1. Question: If the government opens free legal aid centers for the poor, which Directive Principle is it fulfilling?

Answer – To provide free legal aid to the poor and ensure justice.

  1. Question: A person is not allowed to open a business of their choice. Which Fundamental Right is affected?

Answer – Right to Freedom of Profession, Occupation, Trade or Business.

 

High Order Thinking Skills (HOTS)

  1. Question: Why are Fundamental Rights essential for the successful functioning of democracy?

Answer – They ensure equality, freedom, and justice, allowing citizens to participate actively and fearlessly in democratic processes.

  1. Question: How do Directive Principles complement the Fundamental Rights?

Answer – While Fundamental Rights protect individual liberty, Directive Principles guide the State to establish social and economic justice.

 

Short Answer Questions

  1. What is the significance of the Right to Constitutional Remedies?

Answer – It empowers citizens to move to the Supreme Court or High Courts in case their Fundamental Rights are violated.

  1. Mention any two Fundamental Duties of an Indian citizen.

Answer – To respect the Constitution and to protect the environment.

  1. What is the objective of the Directive Principles of State Policy?

Answer – To provide guidelines to the State to ensure welfare and social justice.

 

Long Answer Questions

  1. Explain the six Fundamental Rights provided by the Indian Constitution.

Answer – Right to Equality: Ensures equal treatment before the law.

    Right to Freedom: Includes freedom of speech, movement, and profession.

    Right against Exploitation: Prohibits child labour and human trafficking.

    Right to Freedom of Religion: Ensures freedom of belief and worship.

    Cultural and Educational Rights: Protects rights of minorities.

    Right to Constitutional Remedies: Legal support if rights are violated.

  1. Discuss the importance of Fundamental Duties. How can they strengthen national unity?

Answer – Fundamental Duties remind citizens of their responsibilities. They help promote patriotism, respect for law, environmental care, and protection of public property—thus creating a disciplined and unified society.

 

 

 

Additional Questions and Answer – 02

Fill in the Blanks Questions and Answers

  1. The Indian Constitution provides ________ Fundamental Rights to its citizens.

Answer – six

 

  1. The Right to ________ was removed from the list of Fundamental Rights by the 44th Amendment in 1978.

Answer – Property

 

  1. The Right to ________ was declared a Fundamental Right in August 2017 by a Supreme Court verdict.

Answer – Privacy

 

  1. The Right to ________ was included as a Fundamental Right in 2002 for children aged 6-14 years.

Answer – Education

 

  1. The Right to ________ was given the status of a Fundamental Right in 2005.

Answer – Information

 

  1. The writ of ________ is issued to produce an unlawfully detained person before the court.

Answer – Habeas Corpus

 

  1. The Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution through the ________ Amendment in 1976.

Answer – 42nd

 

  1. The number of Fundamental Duties in the Indian Constitution is currently ________.

Answer – eleven

 

  1. The ________ Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the government to achieve national goals.

Answer – Directive

 

  1. The Directive Principles are classified into ________ main categories.

Answer – four

 

  1. The ________ Act was passed to implement the Directive Principle of environment protection.

Answer – Environment Protection

 

  1. The ________ Amendment in 2002 added the duty to provide education for children aged 6-14 years.

Answer – 86th

 

  1. Indian secularism ensures that the State does not ________ against any group on the basis of religion.

Answer – discriminate

 

  1. The word “secular” was added to the Preamble by the ________ Amendment in 1976.

Answer – 42nd

 

  1. The writ of ________ is issued to prohibit a lower court from proceeding with a case outside its jurisdiction.

Answer – Prohibition

 

  1. The Directive Principle of equal pay for equal work applies to both ________ and women.

Answer – men

 

  1. The Fundamental Duty to protect the natural environment includes preserving ________, lakes, and rivers.

Answer – forests

 

  1. The ________ Rural Employment Guarantee Act implements the Directive Principle of Right to Work.

Answer – Mahatma Gandhi

 

  1. The Right to ________ allows citizens to profess, practice, and propagate any religion.

Answer – Freedom of Religion

 

  1. The writ of ________ is issued to restrain a person from acting in a public office they are not entitled to.

Answer – Quo Warranto

 

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) and Answers

  1. How many Fundamental Rights are provided by the Indian Constitution?
  2. a) Five
  3. b) Six
  4. c) Seven
  5. d) Eight

Answer – b) Six

 

  1. Which Fundamental Right was removed by the 44th Amendment in 1978?
  2. a) Right to Education
  3. b) Right to Property
  4. c) Right to Privacy
  5. d) Right to Information

Answer – b) Right to Property

 

  1. When was the Right to Privacy declared a Fundamental Right?
  2. a) 1976
  3. b) 2002
  4. c) 2017
  5. d) 2005

Answer – c) 2017

 

  1. Which Fundamental Right ensures free and compulsory education for children aged 6-14?
  2. a) Right to Equality
  3. b) Right to Freedom
  4. c) Right to Education
  5. d) Right against Exploitation

Answer – c) Right to Education

 

  1. Which right was given Fundamental Right status in 2005?
  2. a) Right to Privacy
  3. b) Right to Information
  4. c) Right to Property
  5. d) Right to Work

Answer – b) Right to Information

 

  1. Which writ is issued to produce an unlawfully detained person before the court?
  2. a) Mandamus
  3. b) Habeas Corpus
  4. c) Certiorari
  5. d) Quo Warranto

Answer – b) Habeas Corpus

 

  1. Through which amendment were the Fundamental Duties added to the Constitution?
  2. a) 42nd Amendment
  3. b) 44th Amendment
  4. c) 61st Amendment
  5. d) 86th Amendment

Answer – a) 42nd Amendment

 

  1. How many Fundamental Duties are currently listed in the Constitution?
  2. a) Nine
  3. b) Ten
  4. c) Eleven
  5. d) Twelve

Answer – c) Eleven

 

  1. What are the Directive Principles of State Policy?
  2. a) Justiciable laws
  3. b) Guidelines for government policies
  4. c) Fundamental Rights
  5. d) Constitutional amendments

Answer – b) Guidelines for government policies

 

  1. Into how many categories are the Directive Principles classified?
  2. a) Two
  3. b) Three
  4. c) Four
  5. d) Five

Answer – c) Four

 

  1. Which Act implements the Directive Principle of Right to Work for rural unemployed?
  2. a) Environment Protection Act
  3. b) MNREGA
  4. c) Wildlife Protection Act
  5. d) Right to Education Act

Answer – b) MNREGA

 

  1. When was the duty to provide education for children aged 6-14 added to the Fundamental Duties?
  2. a) 1976
  3. b) 2002
  4. c) 2005
  5. d) 2017

Answer – b) 2002

 

  1. What does Indian secularism ensure regarding religion?
  2. a) State-sponsored religion
  3. b) Discrimination based on religion
  4. c) Equal treatment of all religions
  5. d) Ban on religious practices

Answer – c) Equal treatment of all religions

 

  1. When was the word “secular” added to the Preamble?
  2. a) 1950
  3. b) 1976
  4. c) 2002
  5. d) 2017

Answer – b) 1976

 

  1. Which writ orders a public servant to perform a duty they have failed to do?
  2. a) Prohibition
  3. b) Mandamus
  4. c) Certiorari
  5. d) Habeas Corpus

Answer – b) Mandamus

 

  1. Which Directive Principle promotes equal pay for equal work?
  2. a) Social Principle
  3. b) Economic Principle
  4. c) Gandhian Principle
  5. d) International Peace Principle

Answer – b) Economic Principle

 

  1. Which Fundamental Duty involves protecting the natural environment?
  2. a) Respecting the National Flag
  3. b) Promoting harmony
  4. c) Preserving forests and wildlife
  5. d) Defending the country

Answer – c) Preserving forests and wildlife

 

  1. Which Fundamental Right prohibits child labor in hazardous occupations?
  2. a) Right to Equality
  3. b) Right to Freedom
  4. c) Right against Exploitation
  5. d) Cultural and Educational Rights

Answer – c) Right against Exploitation

 

  1. Which court can issue writs for the violation of Fundamental Rights?
  2. a) District Court
  3. b) Supreme Court
  4. c) Subordinate Court
  5. d) Magistrate Court

Answer – b) Supreme Court

 

  1. Which principle ensures no religious instruction in state-funded educational institutions?
  2. a) Right to Equality
  3. b) Right to Freedom of Religion
  4. c) Cultural and Educational Rights
  5. d) Right to Constitutional Remedies

Answer – b) Right to Freedom of Religion

 

True/False Questions and Answers

  1. The Indian Constitution provides six Fundamental Rights.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Right to Property is still a Fundamental Right in the Indian Constitution.

Answer – False (It was removed by the 44th Amendment in 1978.)

 

  1. The Right to Privacy was declared a Fundamental Right in 2017.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Right to Education was added as a Fundamental Right in 2005.

Answer – False (It was added in 2002.)

 

  1. The Right to Information is a Fundamental Right since 2005.

Answer – True

 

  1. The writ of Mandamus is issued to produce an unlawfully detained person.

Answer – False (It orders a public servant to perform a duty.)

 

  1. The Fundamental Duties were introduced by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.

Answer – True

 

  1. There are currently ten Fundamental Duties in the Constitution.

Answer – False (There are eleven.)

 

  1. Directive Principles of State Policy are justiciable.

Answer – False (They are non-justiciable.)

 

  1. The Directive Principles are classified into four categories.

Answer – True

 

  1. The MNREGA implements the Directive Principle of Right to Work.

Answer – True

 

  1. The word “secular” was part of the Preamble since 1950.

Answer – False (It was added in 1976.)

 

  1. The writ of Prohibition is issued to restrain a person from holding a public office.

Answer – False (It prohibits a lower court from proceeding outside its jurisdiction.)

 

  1. The Fundamental Rights are absolute and have no restrictions.

Answer – False (They have reasonable restrictions.)

 

  1. The Fundamental Duty to provide education for children was added in 2002.

Answer – True

 

  1. Indian secularism allows the State to discriminate based on religion.

Answer – False (It ensures equal treatment.)

 

  1. The Right to Freedom includes freedom of speech and expression.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Directive Principles include Gandhian principles like organizing village Panchayats.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Supreme Court can issue writs to protect Fundamental Rights.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Right to Constitutional Remedies is non-justiciable.

Answer – False (It is justiciable.)

 

Competency-Based Questions and Answers

  1. Question: Imagine you are a constitutional lawyer tasked with defending a citizen’s Fundamental Rights in court. How would you use Supreme Court judgments and the Constitution’s text to argue a case of arbitrary detention?

Answer – As a constitutional lawyer, I would cite the Constitution’s Right to Freedom (Article 21) and Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) to argue against arbitrary detention. The text of Article 21 guarantees protection of life and personal liberty, while Article 32 allows the Supreme Court to issue writs like Habeas Corpus, as detailed in the text. I would reference Supreme Court judgments, such as Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978), which expanded the scope of personal liberty, and A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950), which upheld safeguards against unlawful detention. By combining these sources, I would argue that the detention violates constitutional protections, seeking a Habeas Corpus writ to secure the citizen’s release, ensuring the rule of law.

 

  1. Question: Evaluate the role of Fundamental Duties in promoting civic responsibility using constitutional amendments and citizen awareness campaigns.

Answer – The Fundamental Duties, introduced by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 and expanded by the 86th Amendment in 2002, promote civic responsibility, as constitutional texts and awareness campaigns show. The duties, like respecting the Constitution, protecting the environment, and ensuring education for children, as listed in Article 51A, encourage citizens to contribute to national goals. Government campaigns, such as Swachh Bharat for environmental protection, align with these duties, as campaign data reflect, fostering public participation. The 86th Amendment’s addition of educational responsibility, as parliamentary records confirm, emphasizes parental roles. By analyzing these sources, I would conclude that Fundamental Duties strengthen civic engagement, complementing Fundamental Rights, though greater awareness is needed to maximize impact, as survey data suggest.

 

  1. Question: Design a research plan to study the implementation of Directive Principles of State Policy using legislative records and policy outcomes.

Answer – Research Plan: 

– Objective: To analyze the implementation of Directive Principles of State Policy. 

– Sources: Collect legislative records (e.g., MNREGA, Right to Education Act) from parliamentary archives and policy outcome data (e.g., literacy rates, employment statistics) from government reports. 

– Methodology: Examine legislative records to identify laws enacting Directive Principles, such as Economic (equal pay) and Gandhian (village Panchayats) principles. Analyze outcome data to assess impacts, like MNREGA’s rural employment or education access post-2002. Cross-reference with Dr. B.R. Ambedkar’s speeches on social democracy for intent. 

– Expected Outcome: The study will show that Directive Principles have driven welfare policies, transforming India into a social democracy, though uneven implementation, as poverty data indicate, requires stronger enforcement to achieve constitutional goals.

 

  1. Question: How would you use the Right to Freedom of Religion and secularism provisions to explain India’s approach to religious diversity?

Answer – The Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28) and secularism provisions in the Preamble and Fundamental Rights ensure India’s inclusive approach to religious diversity, as constitutional texts show. Article 25 guarantees freedom to profess and practice any religion, while Article 28 prohibits religious instruction in state-funded institutions, as the text details. The Preamble’s secularism, added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, mandates equal treatment of all religions, as Assembly debates confirm. By analyzing these provisions and court rulings like S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994), which upheld secularism as a basic feature, I would conclude that India balances religious freedom with state neutrality, fostering harmony in a pluralistic society, though communal tensions, as reports note, require vigilant enforcement.

 

  1. Question: Assess the impact of restrictions on Fundamental Rights in maintaining public order using constitutional provisions and judicial precedents.

Answer – Restrictions on Fundamental Rights, as outlined in Articles 19 and 21, maintain public order while preserving freedoms, as constitutional provisions and judicial precedents show. Article 19 allows reasonable restrictions on freedoms like speech and assembly for public order and morality, as the text specifies. Judicial precedents, such as Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras (1950), clarify that restrictions must be proportionate, while Kedar Nath Singh v. State of Bihar (1962) upheld limits on seditious speech to prevent violence. By analyzing these sources, I would conclude that restrictions balance individual rights with societal stability, ensuring democratic governance, though overuse, as critiques of sedition laws suggest, risks curbing legitimate expression, necessitating judicial oversight.

 

High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) Questions and Answers

  1. Question: Why are Fundamental Rights essential for India’s democracy, and how do their restrictions balance individual freedoms with societal needs?

Answer – Fundamental Rights, enshrined in Articles 14-32, are essential for India’s democracy by ensuring individual dignity and equality, as the text and Constituent Assembly debates show. Rights like equality, freedom, and education, as seen in laws like the Right to Education Act, empower citizens post-colonial oppression, fostering inclusive governance. Restrictions, under Article 19, limit freedoms for public order, morality, and security, as judicial rulings like Romesh Thappar v. State of Madras (1950) clarify, ensuring societal stability. This balance, as Ambedkar’s speeches note, prevents abuse while addressing India’s diverse needs. However, excessive restrictions, as sedition law critiques indicate, risk undermining freedoms, requiring judicial vigilance to uphold democratic values, as court records affirm.

 

  1. Question: Analyze the role of Fundamental Duties in complementing Fundamental Rights and their impact on nation-building.

Answer – Fundamental Duties, added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, complement Fundamental Rights by fostering civic responsibility, as Article 51A and Assembly debates show. Duties like respecting the Constitution, protecting the environment, and promoting harmony, as the text lists, ensure that rights, such as freedom and equality, are exercised responsibly, as Swachh Bharat campaign data reflect. Their impact on nation-building lies in unifying diverse citizens under shared obligations, as seen in environmental laws post-Wildlife Protection Act. However, their non-justiciable nature, as legal analyses note, limits enforcement, requiring awareness campaigns. By balancing rights and duties, they strengthen India’s democratic ethos, though greater public engagement, as survey data suggest, is needed for full impact.

 

  1. Question: Evaluate the significance of Directive Principles of State Policy in transforming India into a welfare state and their limitations.

Answer – Directive Principles (Articles 36-51), as non-justiciable guidelines, are significant in transforming India into a welfare state, as legislative records and Ambedkar’s speeches show. Economic principles (e.g., equal pay), social principles (e.g., public health), and Gandhian principles (e.g., village Panchayats), as implemented through MNREGA and the Right to Education Act, promote socio-economic justice, as outcome data like literacy rates confirm. Their limitations lie in non-enforceability, as court rulings note, leading to uneven implementation, as poverty statistics indicate. By guiding welfare policies, they complement Fundamental Rights, but their effectiveness depends on government commitment, as Niti Aayog reports suggest, requiring stronger accountability to achieve constitutional goals.

 

  1. Question: How does Indian secularism, as enshrined in the Constitution, address the challenges of religious pluralism, and what are its practical challenges?

Answer – Indian secularism, enshrined in the Preamble and Articles 25-28, addresses religious pluralism by ensuring equal treatment of all religions, as the text and S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) ruling show. The Right to Freedom of Religion guarantees worship and institutional autonomy, while state neutrality, as the 42nd Amendment emphasizes, prevents discrimination, fostering harmony, as minority protection laws reflect. Practical challenges include communal tensions and state interventions, like amending discriminatory personal laws, as reports note, which spark resistance. By balancing liberty and equality, secularism sustains pluralism, but consistent enforcement, as judicial critiques suggest, is needed to counter divisive forces, ensuring India’s democratic resilience.

 

  1. Question: Assess the role of the Right to Constitutional Remedies in protecting Fundamental Rights and its impact on judicial activism in India.

Answer – The Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32), as the text details, protects Fundamental Rights by empowering the Supreme Court to issue writs like Habeas Corpus and Mandamus, ensuring justice against violations. Landmark cases like Vineet Narain v. Union of India (1998) demonstrate its role in judicial activism, expanding rights like privacy (2017), as court records show. By enabling citizens to seek redress, as Ambedkar termed it the “heart and soul” of the Constitution, it strengthens democracy, as PIL (Public Interest Litigation) data reflect. However, judicial overreach, as critiques note, risks legislative conflict, requiring balanced activism to uphold rights while respecting separation of powers, as legal analyses suggest.

 

Short Questions and Answers

  1. Question: How many Fundamental Rights are in the Indian Constitution?

Answer – Six.

 

  1. Question: Which Fundamental Right was removed in 1978?

Answer – Right to Property.

 

  1. Question: When was the Right to Privacy declared a Fundamental Right?

Answer – 2017.

 

  1. Question: When was the Right to Education added as a Fundamental Right?

Answer – 2002.

 

  1. Question: Which right became a Fundamental Right in 2005?

Answer – Right to Information.

 

  1. Question: Which writ ensures an unlawfully detained person is produced in court?

Answer – Habeas Corpus.

 

  1. Question: Through which amendment were Fundamental Duties added?

Answer – 42nd Amendment.

 

  1. Question: How many Fundamental Duties are there?

Answer – Eleven.

 

  1. Question: What are Directive Principles of State Policy?

Answer – Guidelines for government policies.

 

  1. Question: Into how many categories are Directive Principles classified?

Answer – Four.

 

  1. Question: Which Act implements the Right to Work for rural unemployed?

Answer – MNREGA.

 

  1. Question: When was the word “secular” added to the Preamble?

Answer – 1976.

 

  1. Question: Which writ prohibits a lower court from acting outside its jurisdiction?

Answer – Prohibition.

 

  1. Question: Are Fundamental Rights absolute?

Answer – No, they have restrictions.

 

  1. Question: When was the duty to provide education added to Fundamental Duties?

Answer – 2002.

 

  1. Question: What does Indian secularism ensure?

Answer – Equal treatment of all religions.

 

  1. Question: Which Fundamental Right includes freedom of speech?

Answer – Right to Freedom.

 

  1. Question: Which Directive Principle promotes village Panchayats?

Answer – Gandhian Principle.

 

  1. Question: Which court issues writs for Fundamental Rights violations?

Answer – Supreme Court.

 

  1. Question: What does the writ of Quo Warranto do?

Answer – Restrains a person from acting in an unentitled public office.

 

 Long Questions and Answers

  1. Question: Discuss the importance of Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution and the role of the Right to Constitutional Remedies in protecting them.

Answer – Fundamental Rights (Articles 14-32), including Right to Equality, Freedom, and Education, are vital for ensuring individual dignity and democratic participation in India, as the text and Constituent Assembly debates show. Post-colonial aspirations for equality and liberty, as Ambedkar’s speeches note, drove their inclusion to protect citizens from state overreach, as seen in laws like the abolition of untouchability. The Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32) is the cornerstone, empowering the Supreme Court to issue writs like Habeas Corpus and Mandamus, as court rulings like Vineet Narain (1998) demonstrate, restoring violated rights. This justiciable right, as PIL data reflect, fosters judicial activism, ensuring accountability. However, reasonable restrictions, as Article 19 specifies, balance rights with public order, though overuse, as sedition critiques suggest, requires judicial oversight to sustain democratic values.

 

  1. Question: Explain the significance of Fundamental Duties and how they complement Fundamental Rights in fostering national unity and civic responsibility.

Answer – Fundamental Duties, introduced by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 and expanded to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002, are significant for fostering civic responsibility, as Article 51A and government campaigns show. Duties like respecting the Constitution, promoting harmony, and protecting the environment, as the text lists, ensure that Fundamental Rights, such as freedom and equality, are exercised responsibly, as Swachh Bharat data reflect. They complement rights by creating a reciprocal obligation, as Ambedkar’s vision of social democracy suggests, unifying diverse citizens, as seen in environmental laws. Their non-justiciable nature, as legal analyses note, limits enforcement, but awareness campaigns, as survey data indicate, enhance their impact. By balancing rights and duties, they strengthen national unity and democratic governance, though public engagement remains key.

 

  1. Question: Analyse the role of Directive Principles of State Policy in achieving India’s welfare state objectives and their impact on legislative reforms.

Answer – Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36-51), as non-justiciable guidelines, play a crucial role in achieving India’s welfare state objectives, as legislative records and Ambedkar’s speeches show. Classified into Economic (e.g., equal pay), Social (e.g., public health), Gandhian (e.g., Panchayats), and International Peace principles, they guide policies like MNREGA and the Right to Education Act, as outcome data on employment and literacy confirm. Their implementation, as Environment Protection Act records show, has transformed principles into laws, promoting socio-economic justice. However, their non-enforceability, as court rulings note, leads to uneven progress, as poverty data suggest. By shaping legislative reforms, they complement Fundamental Rights, driving India toward a social democracy, though stronger enforcement, as Niti Aayog reports recommend, is needed for equitable outcomes.

 

  1. Question: Evaluate the concept of Indian secularism as enshrined in the Constitution and its role in maintaining harmony in a religiously diverse nation.

Answer – Indian secularism, enshrined in the Preamble (added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976) and Articles 25-28, ensures equal treatment of all religions, as the text and S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994) ruling show. The Right to Freedom of Religion guarantees worship and institutional autonomy, while state neutrality, as Article 28’s ban on religious instruction in state-funded schools details, prevents discrimination, fostering harmony in India’s pluralistic society, as minority laws reflect. State interventions, like abolishing untouchability or amending personal laws, as legislative records note, address social evils, aligning with constitutional values. Challenges include communal tensions and resistance to reforms, as reports indicate, requiring consistent enforcement. Secularism’s role in balancing liberty and equality sustains democracy, though vigilance, as judicial critiques suggest, is essential.

 

  1. Question: Discuss the interplay between Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, and Directive Principles in shaping India’s democratic and social framework.

Answer – The interplay between Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, and Directive Principles shapes India’s democratic and social framework, as constitutional texts and legislative outcomes show. Fundamental Rights (Articles 14-32), like equality and freedom, ensure individual dignity, as court rulings like the 2017 privacy verdict confirm, while reasonable restrictions (Article 19) balance societal needs, as judicial precedents note. Fundamental Duties (Article 51A), added in 1976, promote civic responsibility, like environmental protection, complementing rights, as Swachh Bharat data reflect. Directive Principles (Articles 36-51), guiding welfare policies like MNREGA, as legislative records show, drive social justice, aligning with Ambedkar’s vision of social democracy. Their non-justiciable nature, as legal analyses indicate, limits enforcement, but their implementation through laws strengthens democracy. This triad fosters unity and equity, though challenges like poverty, as Niti Aayog reports note, require sustained efforts to fully realize constitutional ideals.

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