The Union Government: The Legislature, We and Our World – A Book On Social Sciences, Class VIII, DAV Board DAVCMC, The Best Solutions.

Keywords To Remember

  1. Federal Government

A system of governance in which powers are divided between a central (national) government and various state governments.

  1. Union Government / Central Government / National Government

The topmost level of government in India responsible for national administration.

  1. Parliament (Sansad)

The legislative body of the Union Government of India, consisting of the President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha.

  1. Lok Sabha (House of the People)

The lower house of the Parliament whose members are directly elected by the people of India.

  1. Rajya Sabha (Council of States)

The upper house of the Parliament whose members are indirectly elected by the State Legislative Assemblies.

  1. Bicameral Legislature

A legislature with two separate chambers or houses (e.g., Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in India).

  1. Universal Adult Franchise

A democratic principle where all adult citizens (18 years or above) have the right to vote, regardless of gender, caste, or economic status.

  1. Council of Ministers

The group of ministers headed by the Prime Minister, responsible for running the government.

  1. Prime Minister

The head of the government and leader of the Council of Ministers at the Union level.

  1. President of India

 The constitutional head of the state and an integral part of the Parliament.

  1. State Legislature

The legislative body at the state level which makes laws on subjects under the State List.

  1. Union List

A list of subjects on which only the Union Parliament can make laws (e.g., defence, foreign affairs).

  1. State List

A list of subjects on which only State Legislatures can make laws (e.g., police, public health).

  1. Concurrent List

A list of subjects on which both the Union and State Governments can legislate. In case of conflict, Union law prevails.

  1. Residuary Subjects

 Subjects not mentioned in any of the three lists (Union, State, or Concurrent), on which only the Union Parliament can legislate.

  1. Speaker of Lok Sabha

 The presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, responsible for conducting its proceedings.

  1. Vice President of India

 The ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha who presides over its sessions.

  1. Tenure

 The fixed term for which a person holds an office. For Lok Sabha, it is five years; for Rajya Sabha members, it is six years.

  1. No-confidence Motion

 A parliamentary motion moved in the Lok Sabha to express lack of confidence in the government. If passed, the government must resign.

  1. Money Bill

 A bill that deals exclusively with money matters like taxation, borrowing, or expenditure of government funds. It can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha.

  1. Impeachment

 The process of removing high constitutional authorities like the President or judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts by the Parliament.

  1. Electoral College

 A body of elected representatives (including MPs and MLAs) who elect the President and Vice President of India.

  1. Question Hour

 The time in a Parliamentary session when members ask questions from the government to hold it accountable.

  1. Nomination

 The process where certain members (like 12 Rajya Sabha members) are appointed by the President for their distinguished contribution.

  1. Reserved Constituencies

 Electoral areas reserved for candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes to ensure their representation.

  1. Secret Ballot

 A voting method in which a voter’s choices are confidential to ensure free and fair elections.

  1. Majority Vote

 A voting outcome where a candidate or bill is approved by more than half of the members present and voting.

  1. Joint Sitting of Parliament

 A combined meeting of both Houses (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) to resolve a deadlock on an ordinary bill.

  1. Amendment Bill

 A proposed change or addition to the Constitution or an existing law.

  1. Constitutional Amendment

 A formal change made to the Constitution, requiring approval by both Houses with a special majority.

 

 

Something to Know

Tick () the correct option.

1 which one of the following subjects comes under the Union List?

(a) foreign affairs

(b) forests

(c) drugs and medicines

(d) information technology

Answer – (a) foreign affairs

Explanation: The Union List includes subjects of national importance like defence, foreign affairs, atomic energy, etc., which are exclusively handled by the central government.

 

2 Which one of the following statements about Lok Sabha is correct?

(a) It can never be dissolved.

(b) Its members are elected indirectly.

(c) It cannot pass a no-confidence motion.

(d) Money bills can only be introduced in Lok Sabha.

Answer – (d) Money bills can only be introduced in Lok Sabha

Explanation: According to Article 110 of the Indian Constitution, money bills can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha, not in the Rajya Sabha.

 

  1. Which one of the following statements about the Indian Parliament is true?

(a) It is the highest law making body of India.

(b) It controls the Union Executive as well as the Judicary.

(c) All the members of Parliament are elected for a term of five years.

(d) Indian Parliament is unicameral.

Answer – (a) It is the highest law making body of India

Explanation: The Indian Parliament is the supreme legislative body and is responsible for making laws in the country.

 

 

  1. Each member of Rajya Sabha has a term of—

(a) four years

(b) five years

(c) six years

(d) seven years

Answer – (c) six years

Explanation: Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a term of six years, with one-third of the members retiring every two years.

  1. During Lok Sabha elections, reserved constituencies are meant for—

(a) minority community

(b) the disabled and handicapped

(c) women only

(d) scheduled castes and scheduled tribes

Answer – (d) scheduled castes and scheduled tribes

Explanation: Certain constituencies are reserved for candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) to ensure adequate representation in the Lok Sabha.

B. Fill in the blanks.

  1. The topmost level of government in India is ____________ Government.

Answer – union

  1. In case of a disagreement over a law made on the same subject from the Concurrent List, the law made by ____________ prevails over the law made by ____________ .

Answer – Parliament, State Legislature

  1. The Principle of ____________ , ____________, ____________ gives all adult citizens the right to vote.

Answer – Universal, Adult, Franchise

  1. The President of India is an ____________ part of the Parliament.

Answer – integral

  1. ____________ represents the people of India and ____________ represents the states of India.

Answer – Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha

C. Write True or False for the following statements.

  1. A Governor is Head of the State, whereas a Chief Minister is the Head of the

State Government.

Answer – True

Explanation: The Governor is the constitutional head of a state, while the Chief Minister is the elected head of the state government.

 

  1. The women are adequately represented in the Indian Parliament.

Answer – False

Explanation: Women are underrepresented in the Indian Parliament. Although their participation has increased over the years, it is still not considered adequate.

 

  1. No bill can become a law without the approval of the President of India.

Answer – True

Explanation: A bill passed by both Houses of Parliament becomes a law only after receiving the President’s assent.

 

  1. The Chairman of Rajya Sabha cannot vote on any issue in Rajya Sabha.

Answer – True

Explanation: The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and votes only in case of a tie.

 

  1. The Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha enjoy equal power regarding the amendment of the Constitution.

Answer – True

Explanation: Both Houses have equal powers in the process of constitutional amendment; amendments must be passed by a two-thirds majority in both.

 

 

D. Answer the following questions in brief.

  1. Why did India opt for a federal form of government? Explain.

Answer – India opted for a federal form of government due to its vast geographical size and immense diversity in language, culture, religion, and ethnicity. Federalism allows both the central and state governments to function independently and maintain unity in diversity.

  1. How have the Legislative powers been divided between the Union Government and the State Government?

Answer – The Constitution divides legislative powers into three lists:

Union List – matters of national importance (e.g., defence, foreign affairs).

State List – matters of local/state importance (e.g., police, public health).

Concurrent List – matters on which both can legislate (e.g., education, forests).

In case of conflict on concurrent matters, the Union law prevails.

  1. Describe the composition of the Union Government in India.

Answer – The Union Government of India consists of:

The President (the constitutional head),

The Prime Minister and Council of Ministers (the executive), and

The Parliament, which includes Lok Sabha (Lower House) and Rajya Sabha (Upper House).

  1. Highlight any three dissimilarities between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha with respect to their composition. i

Answer – Tenure: Lok Sabha members serve for 5 years; Rajya Sabha is a permanent body with one-third members retiring every 2 years.

Method of Election: Lok Sabha members are directly elected by the people; Rajya Sabha members are elected by State Legislative Assemblies.

Strength: Lok Sabha has 545 members; Rajya Sabha has 245 members.

  1. Mention any three advantages of Universal Adult Franchise.

Answer – It ensures equality by giving every adult citizen the right to vote, regardless of caste, class, or gender.

It strengthens democracy by allowing participation in government formation.

It promotes political awareness and responsibility among citizens.

 

 

E. Answer the following questions.

  1. Describe any five major functions of the Indian Parliament.

Answer – The five major functions of the Indian Parliament are:

Legislative Function – It makes laws on subjects in the Union and Concurrent Lists.

Financial Function – It passes the Union Budget and controls government expenditure.

Executive Control – It exercises control over the Executive through questions, motions, and debates.

Amendment of the Constitution – It can amend the Constitution as per the procedure laid down.

Representation of People – It acts as a forum where elected members voice public concerns and problems.

  1. Compare the legislative and financial powers of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. On the basis of your comparison, which one of the two Houses is more powerful and how?

Answer – Legislative Powers: Both Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha can introduce and pass ordinary bills, but in case of a deadlock, a joint sitting is held where Lok Sabha’s majority usually prevails.

Financial Powers: Lok Sabha is more powerful. Money bills can be introduced only in Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha can only make recommendations, not amend or reject them.

Conclusion: Lok Sabha is more powerful due to its greater authority in financial matters and its ability to prevail in joint sittings.

  1. How is the Speaker of Lok Sabha elected? Mention her/his powers and functions.

Answer – he Speaker of Lok Sabha is elected by the members of the Lok Sabha from among themselves soon after a new House is constituted.

Powers and Functions:

Presides over Lok Sabha meetings and maintains order.

Decides on the admissibility of questions and motions.

Decides whether a bill is a money bill or not.

Has a casting vote in case of a tie.

Represents the Lok Sabha in all external matters.

  1. Explain the composition of Rajya Sabha. Who can be elected as a member and for how long? Why is Rajya Sabha called a Permanent House?

Answer – Composition: Rajya Sabha has a maximum of 250 members, out of which 238 are elected by State and UT legislatures and 12 are nominated by the President.

Eligibility: A member must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of India, and possess other qualifications laid down by law.

Tenure: Each member serves a term of 6 years, and one-third of the members retire every 2 years.

Permanent House: Rajya Sabha is never dissolved entirely; hence, it is called a Permanent House.

  1. Describe the procedure followed by the Union Parliament in passing an ordinary bill.

Answer – The procedure for passing an ordinary bill is as follows:

First Reading: Introduction of the bill in either House.

Second Reading: Detailed discussion, clause-wise consideration, and possible committee review.

Third Reading: Final discussion and voting.

Other House: The bill goes through the same three readings in the other House.

President’s Assent: After both Houses pass the bill, it is sent to the President for assent. Once the President signs it, the bill becomes law.

 

 

 

 

 

Value Based Question

In the last few years, the Union Government of India has been asserting its powers vehemently whether it is reducing the subjects in State List, or increasing subjects in Concurrent List, or bringing economic reforms like demonetisation, GST, etc.

  1. Identify the reasons for the Central Government to be more powerful in a country like India.

Answer – The Central Government is more powerful in India due to the following reasons:

Historical Context: India emerged from colonial rule and partition, which required a strong central authority to maintain unity and integrity.

Single Citizenship and Integrated Administration: The Constitution promotes a unified legal and administrative structure.

Emergency Powers: During emergencies, the Centre can override state powers.

Financial Control: The Centre controls the major sources of revenue and allocates funds to states, making them financially dependent.

National Interest: Issues like national security, foreign affairs, and economic reforms require centralized decision-making for uniformity and stability.

  1. 1s the Central Government going against the principles of federalism?’ Express your opinion.

Answer – Opinion-based answer (sample):

The Central Government, in some cases, appears to overstep its authority, which may seem to undermine the spirit of federalism. For instance, implementing policies like demonetisation or GST without adequate state consultation can reduce cooperative federalism. However, these steps are often taken in the interest of national integration, economic uniformity, and security.

Thus, while centralisation is sometimes necessary, true federalism requires dialogue, respect for state autonomy, and a balance of power. Strengthening cooperative federalism is the key to maintaining both unity and diversity in a country like India.

(Map Skill)

On an outline political map of India, locate and name the states with the low number of constituencies.

(a) Sikkim

(b)  Arunachal Pradesh

(c)  Mizoram

(d)  Nagaland

(e) Manipur Tripura

Answer – On an outline political map of India, locate and name the following states which have a low number of Lok Sabha constituencies (only 1 or 2):

(a) Sikkim – Only 1 Lok Sabha constituency

(b) Arunachal Pradesh – 2 Lok Sabha constituencies

(c) Mizoram – Only 1 Lok Sabha constituency

(d) Nagaland – Only 1 Lok Sabha constituency

(e) Manipur – 2 Lok Sabha constituencies

(f) Tripura – 2 Lok Sabha constituencies

 

Something To Do

  1. Organise a debate in the class in which three students will speak for and three against the topic given below:

‘The division of subjects in the Union List, State List and the Concurrent List has made the Central Government dominate over the States in every respect.’

Answer – This is an activity-based task, but here is a sample structure for both sides:

In favour (Central Government dominates):

The Union List includes crucial subjects like defence, foreign affairs, and atomic energy, leaving little autonomy for states in national matters.

Economic measures like GST and demonetisation were implemented without significant consultation with states.

The Centre often uses financial grants and laws to influence state policies, reducing their independent decision-making power.

Against (Balance is maintained):

The Constitution ensures a federal structure, and states have autonomy in matters like police, public health, and local governance.

The Concurrent List allows both Centre and States to legislate, encouraging cooperation.

judicial safeguards and constitutional amendments prevent arbitrary use of power by the Union Government.

2- Identify any five subjects from the Union List, which according to you, should have been in the State List. Justify your choice with arguments.

Answer –

Subject (from Union List)

Argument for Moving to State List

1. Education

Local needs and languages vary; states are better placed to design relevant curriculums.

2. Public Health and Medical Services

Health issues differ regionally, and state governments are closer to the public.

3. Agriculture and Research

Climate, crops, and practices differ state-wise; states can tailor agricultural policies better.

4. Minor Ports

Coastal states can manage smaller ports efficiently for local trade and tourism.

5. Industries declared by Parliament

States should have more control over industries that directly impact their economy and employment.

 

3- Visit the websites http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government of India, http://www. indianetzone. com/40/state governments india.htm and www.vakilbabu.com to get a complete information about the Union Government and list of subjects in the three lists.

Answer – Students will do this at their own.

  1. Debate on the topic—’Indian Parliament should be unicameral only.’

Answer- For the motion (Unicameral system):

A unicameral system can be more efficient in decision-making, as there is no need to wait for the approval of two separate Houses.

It would make the legislative process quicker and reduce the costs associated with maintaining two Houses.

With only one House, there could be a more direct representation of the people, making the system more democratic.

The complexity of the current bicameral system may make it difficult for citizens to understand, and a unicameral system could be simpler and easier to navigate.

Against the motion (Bicameral system):

A bicameral system ensures a better balance of power. The Rajya Sabha (Council of States) serves to represent the interests of states and smaller regions, preventing centralization of power.

The existence of two Houses ensures that legislation is carefully scrutinized before being passed. This prevents hasty laws that might be passed due to political pressure.

It provides a check on hasty, populist measures and allows for more debate and discussion before laws are enacted.

The Rajya Sabha also plays a crucial role in reviewing and amending laws, contributing to better legislation.

  1. Watch live telecast of Question Hour from Lok Sabha channel and then discuss the following points in the class:

(a) To what extent does the Question Hour keep a check on the ministers?

Answer- The Question Hour is an essential tool for holding ministers accountable. It allows MPs to ask direct questions about government actions and policies, forcing ministers to explain their decisions, clarify doubts, and respond to public concerns. This transparency helps ensure that the government is working in the best interests of the people and adhering to its promises.

(b) Are the questions being asked really probing and useful?

Answer- This can vary. In some instances, MPs ask detailed and probing questions that seek to uncover important information about government actions, policies, or spending. However, at times, some questions may be superficial or repetitive, lacking depth. The quality of questions asked depends on the preparedness and commitment of MPs.

(c) Are you satisfied with the answers being given by the ministers and why?

Answer- The answers given by ministers can sometimes be vague or unsatisfactory. This may be because ministers avoid giving direct responses, use bureaucratic language, or fail to address the root causes of issues. In some cases, answers may be lengthy but lack concrete information. However, when ministers are prepared and transparent, the answers can be enlightening and effective in keeping the government accountable.

(d) Suggest measures to make Question Hour more effective and relevant.

Answer- To make Question Hour more effective, questions should be submitted in advance, ensuring they are relevant, timely, and specific.

A time limit should be enforced on both the questions and answers to avoid lengthy, off-topic discussions.

There should be provisions for follow-up questions to ensure that answers are clear and complete.

Regular review of the process could ensure that Question Hour continues to serve its purpose of holding the government accountable and improving the quality of debate in Parliament.

  1. Enact a one-hour session of the Youth Parliament showing the following items:

(a) Oath-taking by new members:

Answer- The Youth Parliament can begin with the new members taking an oath of office. They swear to uphold the Constitution of India and fulfill their duties with sincerity, integrity, and commitment to public welfare.

(b) Obituary on the death of a member:

Answer- A formal tribute can be given to a fictional member, reflecting the solemnity and respect observed in the actual Parliament when a member passes away. This typically involves honoring their contributions and offering condolences to their family.

(c) Question Hour:

Answer- A mock session of the Question Hour can be conducted, where members ask questions to the ministers about current policies and national issues. A minister responds, and follow-up questions can be asked for clarification.

(d) Calling Attention Motion on an urgent subject of public importance:

Answer- A member can raise a Calling Attention Motion to draw attention to an urgent issue, such as a national emergency or a crucial development in the country. The Speaker can allow the concerned minister to respond.

(e) Debate on a bill covering from introduction to passing of the bill:

A mock debate can be organized on a fictional bill, with members introducing the bill, debating its pros and cons, and eventually voting on it. This will include stages such as introduction, reading, debate, and voting.

 

 

Additional Questions and Answers – 01

Fill in the Blanks (with Answers)

  1. The Indian Parliament consists of the Lok Sabha, the Rajya Sabha, and the ____________.

Answer – President

  1. The Rajya Sabha is also known as the ____________ House.

Answer – Upper

  1. The tenure of a member of the Lok Sabha is ____________ years.

Answer – Five

  1. The Vice President of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the ____________.

Answer – Rajya Sabha

  1. Money bills can only be introduced in the ____________.

Answer – Lok Sabha

 

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

  1. Who is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha?

   (a) President

   (b) Speaker

   (c) Prime Minister

   (d) Vice President

Answer – (b) Speaker

  1. How many members can the President nominate to the Rajya Sabha?

   (a) 10

   (b) 12

   (c) 14

   (d) 15

Answer – (b) 12

  1. The minimum age to be elected to the Rajya Sabha is—

   (a) 21 years

   (b) 25 years

   (c) 30 years

   (d) 35 years

Answer – (c) 30 years

 

True/False Questions

  1. The Lok Sabha is a permanent body and cannot be dissolved.

Answer – False

  1. Both the Houses of Parliament have equal powers regarding Money Bills.

Answer – False

  1. The President of India is an integral part of the Parliament.

Answer – True

  1. Rajya Sabha represents the people of India directly.

Answer – False

  1. Ordinary bills can be introduced in either House of Parliament.

Answer – True

 

Competency-Based Questions (with Answers)

Q1. Ramya observed that money bills are introduced only in one particular house of Parliament. Can you explain why this happens and which house has this privilege?

Answer: Money bills are introduced only in the Lok Sabha as per Article 110 of the Constitution. This ensures that the directly elected representatives control financial matters.

Q2. A state government passes a law conflicting with a law made by Parliament on the same subject in the Concurrent List. Which law will prevail and why?

Answer: The central law will prevail because in the Concurrent List, the Union law overrides the State law in case of conflict, as per Article 254.

 

Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) Questions

  1. Why do you think the Rajya Sabha is called a permanent house while the Lok Sabha is not?
  2. How does the structure of Indian Parliament ensure representation of both people and states?
  3. Do you think nomination of members in Rajya Sabha ensures representation of diverse voices? Give reasons.

Answer yourself-

 

Short Answer Questions

  1. What is meant by ‘Federal Government’?

Answer – A federal government is one where powers are divided between a central authority and constituent units like states or provinces.

  1. Who presides over the joint session of Parliament?

Answer – The Speaker of the Lok Sabha presides over the joint session.

  1. What is the role of the Vice President in Parliament?

Answer – The Vice President is the ex-officio Chairman of Rajya Sabha and presides over its sessions.

 

Long Answer Questions

  1. Explain the procedure for passing a Money Bill in Parliament.

Answer – A Money Bill is introduced only in the Lok Sabha. After it is passed by Lok Sabha, it is sent to Rajya Sabha, which can only recommend changes. The Lok Sabha may accept or reject these recommendations. The bill must be returned within 14 days. After passage, it is sent to the President for assent.

  1. Discuss how the Indian Parliament ensures accountability of the Executive.

Answer – Parliament ensures executive accountability through question hour, zero hour, debates, motions, and voting on bills. Ministers are responsible to the Parliament, particularly the Lok Sabha. A no-confidence motion can also be passed to remove the executive.

 

 

 

 

 

Additional Questions and Answer – 02

Fill in the Blanks Questions and Answers

  1. India adopted a ________ form of government to harmonize diversity and achieve national goals.

Answer – federal

 

  1. The Union Government has three organs: the Legislature, the Executive, and the ________.

Answer – Judiciary

 

  1. The Union Legislature is called the ________, which is bicameral.

Answer – Parliament

 

  1. The Indian Parliament consists of two Houses: Lok Sabha and ________ Sabha.

Answer – Rajya

 

  1. The Union Executive comprises the President and the Council of Ministers headed by the ________.

Answer – Prime Minister

 

  1. The highest apex court in India is the ________ Court.

Answer – Supreme

 

  1. The Constitution divides legislative powers into three lists: Union List, State List, and ________ List.

Answer – Concurrent

 

  1. The ________ List includes subjects like defence, railways, and foreign affairs.

Answer – Union

 

  1. The ________ List includes subjects like police, agriculture, and public health.

Answer – State

 

  1. Subjects like marriage and divorce are part of the ________ List.

Answer – Concurrent

 

  1. Subjects not included in the three lists are called ________ subjects.

Answer – residuary

 

  1. The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is ________ members.

Answer – 550

 

  1. The President can nominate ________ members from the Anglo-Indian community to the Lok Sabha.

Answer – two

 

  1. The normal term of the Lok Sabha is ________ years.

Answer – five

 

  1. The ________ presides over the meetings of the Lok Sabha.

Answer – Speaker

 

  1. The maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha is ________ members.

Answer – 250

 

  1. The ________ of India is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

Answer – Vice President

 

  1. The Rajya Sabha is a ________ House that cannot be dissolved.

Answer – Permanent

 

  1. The Parliament makes laws on subjects in the Union List, Concurrent List, and ________ subjects.

Answer – residuary

 

  1. The ________ Hour in Parliament allows members to ask questions to control the executive.

Answer – Question

 

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) and Answers

  1. What type of government did India adopt to harmonize diversity?
  2. a) Unitary
  3. b) Federal
  4. c) Monarchical
  5. d) Presidential

Answer – b) Federal

 

  1. How many organs does the Union Government have?
  2. a) Two
  3. b) Three
  4. c) Four
  5. d) Five 

Answer – b) Three

 

  1. What is the Union Legislature called?
  2. a) Assembly
  3. b) Parliament
  4. c) Council
  5. d) Senate

Answer – b) Parliament

 

  1. How many Houses does the Indian Parliament have?
  2. a) One
  3. b) Two
  4. c) Three
  5. d) Four

Answer – b) Two

 

  1. Who heads the Union Council of Ministers?
  2. a) President
  3. b) Prime Minister
  4. c) Chief Justice
  5. d) Vice President

Answer – b) Prime Minister

 

  1. What is the highest apex court in India?
  2. a) High Court
  3. b) Supreme Court
  4. c) District Court
  5. d) Sessions Court

Answer – b) Supreme Court

 

  1. How many subjects are in the Union List?
  2. a) 52
  3. b) 66
  4. c) 97
  5. d) 238

Answer – c) 97

 

  1. Which subject is part of the State List?
  2. a) Defence
  3. b) Agriculture
  4. c) Railways
  5. d) Foreign affairs

Answer – b) Agriculture

 

  1. Which subject is included in the Concurrent List?
  2. a) Police
  3. b) Marriage
  4. c) Currency
  5. d) Post offices

Answer – b) Marriage

 

  1. What are subjects like computer software and e-commerce called?
  2. a) Union subjects
  3. b) State subjects
  4. c) Concurrent subjects
  5. d) Residuary subjects

Answer – d) Residuary subjects

 

  1. What is the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha?
  2. a) 250
  3. b) 550
  4. c) 530
  5. d) 238

Answer – b) 550

 

  1. How many members can the President nominate to the Lok Sabha from the Anglo-Indian community?
  2. a) One
  3. b) Two
  4. c) Three
  5. d) Four

Answer – b) Two

 

  1. What is the normal term of the Lok Sabha?
  2. a) Four years
  3. b) Five years
  4. c) Six years
  5. d) Seven years

Answer – b) Five years

 

  1. Who presides over the Lok Sabha meetings?
  2. a) President
  3. b) Vice President
  4. c) Speaker
  5. d) Prime Minister

Answer – c) Speaker

 

  1. What is the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha?
  2. a) 250
  3. b) 550
  4. c) 530
  5. d) 238

Answer – a) 250

 

  1. Who is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha?
  2. a) President
  3. b) Vice President
  4. c) Speaker
  5. d) Prime Minister

Answer – b) Vice President

 

  1. What type of House is the Rajya Sabha?
  2. a) Temporary
  3. b) Permanent
  4. c) Elected
  5. d) Nominated

Answer – b) Permanent

 

  1. Which House has more power over money bills?
  2. a) Rajya Sabha
  3. b) Lok Sabha
  4. c) Both equally
  5. d) Neither

Answer – b) Lok Sabha

 

  1. What is the process to remove the President called?
  2. a) Resignation
  3. b) Impeachment
  4. c) Dissolution 
  5. d) No-confidence

Answer – b) Impeachment

 

  1. Who can vote to elect the President of India?
  2. a) Lok Sabha members only
  3. b) Rajya Sabha members only
  4. c) Members of Parliament
  5. d) State Governors

Answer – c) Members of Parliament

 

True/False Questions and Answers

  1. India adopted a federal form of government to harmonize diversity.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Union Government has only two organs: Legislature and Executive.

Answer – False (It has three: Legislature, Executive, Judiciary.)

 

  1. The Indian Parliament is bicameral.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Lok Sabha is also called the Upper House.

Answer – False (It is the Lower House.)

 

  1. The President is part of the Union Executive.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Supreme Court is the highest apex court in India.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Union List has 66 subjects.

Answer – False (It has 97 subjects.)

 

  1. The State List includes subjects like agriculture and public health.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Concurrent List includes subjects like defence and railways.

Answer – False (It includes marriage, divorce, etc.)

 

  1. Residuary subjects fall under the Parliament’s jurisdiction.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Lok Sabha has a maximum strength of 550 members.

Answer – True

 

  1. The President can nominate three Anglo-Indian members to the Lok Sabha.

Answer – False (Two members.)

 

  1. The normal term of the Lok Sabha is five years.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is appointed by the President.

Answer – False (Elected by members.)

 

  1. The Rajya Sabha is a Permanent House.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Vice President is the ex-officio Chairman of the Lok Sabha.

Answer – False (Chairman of Rajya Sabha.)

 

  1. One-third of Rajya Sabha members retire every two years.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Lok Sabha has more control over the executive than the Rajya Sabha.

Answer – True

 

  1. The Parliament cannot make laws on State List subjects under any circumstances.

Answer – False (It can under special circumstances.)

 

  1. The impeachment process requires a simple majority in both Houses.

Answer – False (Requires special majority.)

 

Competency-Based Questions and Answers

  1. Question: Imagine you are a political analyst studying the division of legislative powers in India’s federal structure. How would you use the Seventh Schedule and parliamentary records to analyse its effectiveness?

Answer – As a political analyst, I would examine the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution, which divides legislative powers into Union (97 subjects), State (66 subjects), and Concurrent (52 subjects) Lists, as the text details, to assess clarity in jurisdiction. Parliamentary records, such as debates on laws like GST (Concurrent List), would reveal how both Parliament and state legislatures collaborate or conflict, as seen in state ratifications. I would analyze residuary subjects like IT, where Parliament’s laws prevail, as legislative records show, to evaluate central dominance. By cross-referencing with judicial rulings on federal disputes, I would conclude that the division ensures national unity while allowing state autonomy, though central overrides, as state complaints note, require better coordination to enhance federal effectiveness.

 

  1. Question: Evaluate the role of the Lok Sabha Speaker in maintaining legislative discipline using parliamentary proceedings and Speaker rulings.

Answer – The Lok Sabha Speaker’s role in maintaining legislative discipline is critical, as parliamentary proceedings and Speaker rulings show. The Speaker presides over meetings, maintains decorum, and can adjourn the House, as the text specifies. Proceedings from the 16th Lok Sabha, under Speakers like Meira Kumar, document instances of suspending unruly members, ensuring orderly debates. Rulings, such as those on adjournment motions, reflect the Speaker’s authority to prioritize agenda, as archival data confirm. By analyzing these sources, I would conclude that the Speaker’s powers uphold legislative efficiency, fostering democratic deliberation, though partisan perceptions, as opposition critiques note, require impartiality to sustain trust in the institution.

 

  1. Question: Design a research plan to study the impact of Universal Adult Franchise on India’s democratic participation using election data and voter turnout records.

Answer – Research Plan: 

– Objective: To analyze the impact of Universal Adult Franchise on democratic participation. 

– Sources: Collect election data (1952-2019) and voter turnout records from the Election Commission, alongside constitutional provisions (Article 326). 

– Methodology: Examine turnout trends, especially post-1988 (voting age lowered to 18), to assess participation across castes, genders, and regions. Analyze reserved constituencies’ data to evaluate marginalized group engagement, as the text notes. Cross-reference with Assembly debates on franchise to understand intent. 

– Expected Outcome: The study will show that Universal Adult Franchise, as turnout data (e.g., 62% in 1952) reflect, empowered diverse citizens, strengthening democracy, though voter apathy in urban areas, as reports suggest, requires targeted awareness to maximize participation.

 

  1. Question: How would you use Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha debates to assess the balance of power between the two Houses in legislative processes?

Answer – Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha debates, as parliamentary records show, reveal the balance of power in legislative processes. Lok Sabha’s dominance in money bills, as the text notes, is evident in budget debates where Rajya Sabha’s recommendations are non-binding, as 2016 GST debates confirm. Rajya Sabha’s role in reviewing ordinary bills, as seen in land acquisition bill delays, balances Lok Sabha’s direct mandate, as debate records reflect. Joint sittings, as the 2002 POTA bill case shows, resolve deadlocks, favoring Lok Sabha’s numerical strength. By analyzing these sources, I would conclude that Lok Sabha holds greater financial and executive control, while Rajya Sabha ensures federal checks, though tensions, as state representation debates note, require procedural reforms for harmony.

 

  1. Question: Assess the significance of the impeachment process in ensuring accountability of high officials using constitutional provisions and historical cases.

Answer – The impeachment process, under Articles 61 and 124, ensures accountability of the President and judges, as constitutional provisions and historical cases show. Requiring a special majority in both Houses, as the text details, it safeguards against frivolous removals, as Assembly debates envisioned. Cases like Justice V. Ramaswami’s failed impeachment (1993), as parliamentary records note, highlight its rigorous threshold, protecting judicial independence. The process, as Article 61 procedures show, empowers Parliament to check misuse of power, reinforcing democratic accountability. By analyzing these sources, I would conclude that impeachment strengthens institutional integrity, though rare usage, as legal analyses suggest, requires public awareness to enhance its deterrent effect.

 

High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) Questions and Answers

  1. Question: Why is the federal division of legislative powers crucial for India’s governance, and how does it address the challenges of diversity?

Answer – The federal division of legislative powers, via the Seventh Schedule’s Union, State, and Concurrent Lists, is crucial for India’s governance, as the text and Assembly debates show. By assigning national subjects like defence (Union List) to Parliament and local subjects like agriculture (State List) to states, it ensures efficient administration across India’s diverse languages and cultures, as GST implementation records reflect. The Concurrent List, covering marriage and labor welfare, fosters cooperative federalism, as judicial rulings on conflicts note. Residuary powers, like IT, centralize emerging issues, as legislative data confirm. This division harmonizes diversity, though central interventions, as state petitions indicate, require balanced federalism to prevent regional alienation, sustaining national unity.

 

  1. Question: Analyze the role of Universal Adult Franchise in strengthening India’s parliamentary democracy and its impact on social inclusion.

Answer – Universal Adult Franchise, under Article 326, strengthens India’s parliamentary democracy by empowering all citizens above 18 to vote, as the text and election data show. High turnouts, like 62% in 1952, as Election Commission records note, reflect inclusive participation across castes and genders, aligning with Ambedkar’s vision of equality. Reserved constituencies for Scheduled Castes/Tribes, as the text details, uplift marginalized groups, as voter data from these seats confirm. Its impact on social inclusion is evident in diverse representation, though urban apathy and women’s underrepresentation, as Women’s Reservation Bill debates suggest, require reforms. By fostering participatory governance, it sustains democracy, balancing India’s diverse social fabric, as Assembly debates envisioned.

 

  1. Question: Evaluate the significance of the Lok Sabha’s dominance over money bills and its implications for federal balance.

Answer – The Lok Sabha’s dominance over money bills, as Article 110 and the text show, is significant for ensuring fiscal accountability in India’s parliamentary democracy, as budget debates reflect. Its exclusive right to introduce money bills, with Rajya Sabha’s non-binding recommendations, as 2016 demonetization debates note, prioritizes the directly elected House’s mandate, as Ambedkar’s speeches confirm. This strengthens executive control, as Lok Sabha’s no-confidence power over the Council of Ministers shows. However, it marginalizes Rajya Sabha’s federal role, as state representation debates indicate, risking central bias in fiscal policy, as state government critiques suggest. By balancing democratic accountability with federalism, reforms like enhanced Rajya Sabha consultation, as parliamentary records propose, could improve equity.

 

  1. Question: How does the Rajya Sabha’s permanent nature and indirect election process contribute to India’s federal structure and legislative stability?

Answer – The Rajya Sabha’s permanent nature and indirect election by state legislators, as Articles 80-83 and the text show, bolster India’s federal structure and legislative stability, as Assembly debates note. Its continuity, with one-third members retiring biennially, ensures policy consistency, as land reform bill reviews reflect, unlike Lok Sabha’s five-year term. Indirect elections, as Delhi’s three seats demonstrate, prioritize state representation, balancing regional interests, as federal dispute rulings confirm. Nominated experts, as records of distinguished members show, enrich debates. However, limited executive control, as no-confidence vote restrictions note, reduces its influence. By providing federal checks and stability, Rajya Sabha sustains cooperative governance, though reforms for direct accountability, as critiques suggest, could enhance its role.

 

  1. Question: Assess the interplay between the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha in the legislative process and its impact on democratic governance.

Answer – The interplay between Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, as Articles 107-108 and the text show, shapes India’s legislative process, enhancing democratic governance, as parliamentary records reflect. Lok Sabha’s direct election and money bill dominance, as budget approvals note, ensure public accountability, while Rajya Sabha’s federal review, as seen in GST bill delays, checks hasty legislation, as Ambedkar’s federalism vision confirms. Joint sittings, as the 2002 POTA case shows, resolve deadlocks, favoring Lok Sabha’s strength. This balance fosters inclusive law-making, though Rajya Sabha’s limited financial power, as state critiques indicate, risks central bias. By combining democratic mandate with federal oversight, the interplay strengthens governance, but procedural reforms, as debates suggest, could enhance equity and efficiency.

 

Short Questions and Answers

  1. Question: What type of government did India adopt?

Answer – Federal.

 

  1. Question: How many organs does the Union Government have?

Answer – Three.

 

  1. Question: What is the Union Legislature called?

Answer – Parliament.

 

  1. Question: Name the two Houses of Parliament.

Answer – Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.

 

  1. Question: Who heads the Union Council of Ministers?

Answer – Prime Minister.

 

  1. Question: What is India’s highest court?

Answer – Supreme Court.

 

  1. Question: How many subjects are in the Union List?

Answer – 97.

 

  1. Question: Name a subject in the State List.

Answer – Agriculture.

 

  1. Question: Name a subject in the Concurrent List.

Answer – Marriage.

 

  1. Question: What are residuary subjects?

Answer – Subjects not in the three lists.

 

  1. Question: What is the maximum strength of the Lok Sabha?

Answer – 550.

 

  1. Question: How many Anglo-Indian members can the President nominate to Lok Sabha?

Answer – Two.

 

  1. Question: What is the normal term of the Lok Sabha?

Answer – Five years.

 

  1. Question: Who presides over the Lok Sabha?

Answer – Speaker.

 

  1. Question: What is the maximum strength of the Rajya Sabha?

Answer – 250.

 

  1. Question: Who is the ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha?

Answer – Vice President.

 

  1. Question: Is the Rajya Sabha a Permanent House?

Answer – Yes.

 

  1. Question: Which House has more power over money bills?

Answer – Lok Sabha.

 

  1. Question: What is the process to remove the President called?

Answer – Impeachment.

 

  1. Question: Who elects the President of India?

Answer – Members of Parliament.

 

Long Questions and Answers

  1. Question: Discuss the federal division of legislative powers in India and its significance in maintaining a balance between national and state governance.

Answer – The federal division of legislative powers, under the Seventh Schedule, allocates 97 Union List subjects (e.g., defence, railways), 66 State List subjects (e.g., agriculture, police), and 52 Concurrent List subjects (e.g., marriage, labor welfare) to Parliament and state legislatures, as the text and Assembly debates show. Residuary subjects, like IT, fall under Parliament, as legislative records confirm. This division ensures national unity by centralizing critical areas, while state autonomy addresses regional diversity, as GST cooperation reflects. In conflicts, central laws prevail on Concurrent subjects, as judicial rulings note, maintaining uniformity. Its significance lies in harmon – harmonizing India’s diverse needs, though central dominance, as state petitions indicate, requires cooperative federalism to prevent regional tensions, sustaining effective governance, as policy outcomes like GST show.

 

  1. Question: Explain the structure and composition of the Indian Parliament and the role of the President in the legislative process.

Answer – The Indian Parliament, a bicameral legislature, comprises the Lok Sabha (House of the People, max. 550 members, directly elected, with two Anglo-Indian nominees) and Rajya Sabha (Council of States, max. 250 members, indirectly elected by state legislatures, with 12 Presidential nominees), as the text details. The Lok Sabha, with a five-year term, represents the people, while the permanent Rajya Sabha represents states, as Article 79 notes. The President, an integral part, approves bills to become laws, as Article 111 shows, and can nominate members or dissolve Lok Sabha on the Prime Minister’s advice, as historical dissolutions (e.g., 1970) confirm. The President’s role ensures constitutional checks, as Assembly debates envisioned, fostering democratic stability, though delays in assent, as critiques note, require timely action to uphold legislative efficiency.

 

  1. Question: Analyze the powers and functions of the Lok Sabha Speaker and their impact on the legislative process.

Answer – The Lok Sabha Speaker, elected by members, wields significant powers, as the text and parliamentary records show. Presiding over meetings, maintaining decorum, and adjourning sessions, as Meira Kumar’s rulings (2009-2014) note, the Speaker ensures orderly debates. Receiving petitions and presiding over joint sittings, as the 2002 POTA joint sitting records confirm, they streamline legislative processes. Their authority to suspend members or prioritize motions, as adjournment rulings show, shapes agenda and efficiency. The Speaker’s impartiality, as tradition of electing from the majority party notes, impacts trust, as opposition critiques suggest. By fostering discipline, the Speaker enhances legislative productivity, though perceived partisanship, as debates indicate, requires neutrality to sustain democratic credibility.

 

  1. Question: Evaluate the role of the Rajya Sabha in India’s federal structure and its contribution to legislative balance.

Answer – The Rajya Sabha, as a permanent House with 250 members (238 elected by state legislatures, 12 nominated), plays a vital role in India’s federal structure, as Articles 80-83 and the text show. Representing states, as Delhi’s three seats indicate, it ensures regional voices in law-making, as land reform bill reviews reflect, balancing Lok Sabha’s national mandate, as Ambedkar’s federalism vision confirms. Its six-year term with biennial retirements, as election records note, provides continuity, unlike Lok Sabha’s volatility. However, limited financial and executive control, as no-confidence vote restrictions show, curbs its influence, as state critiques note. By reviewing and delaying bills, Rajya Sabha fosters federal checks, enhancing legislative balance, though reforms for greater accountability, as debates suggest, could strengthen its federal role.

 

  1. Question: Discuss the powers and functions of the Union Parliament and their impact on India’s democratic governance.

Answer – The Union Parliament’s powers—legislative, executive control, financial, judicial, and electoral—shape India’s democratic governance, as Articles 107-124 and the text show. Legislative powers enable laws on Union, Concurrent, and residuary subjects, as GST enactment reflects, ensuring national policy coherence. Executive control, via Lok Sabha’s no-confidence votes, as 1999 Vajpayee government fall notes, ensures accountability. Financial powers, with Lok Sabha’s budget dominance, as 2016 demonetization approval shows, secure fiscal discipline. Judicial powers, like impeachment, as Justice Ramaswami’s case (1993) indicates, uphold integrity. Electoral powers, electing the President, as 2017 Kovind election confirms, reinforce democratic processes. These powers foster participatory governance, though Lok Sabha’s dominance, as Rajya Sabha critiques note, requires federal balance to sustain inclusive democracy, as policy outcomes suggest.

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